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Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research

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Published by HM Publisher

ISSN : - EISSN : 25980580 DOI : https://doi.org/10.37275/bsm

Core Subject : Health, Science,

Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience

This journal welcomes the submission of articles that offering a sensible transfer of basic research to applied clinical medicine. BioScientia Medicina covers the latest developments in various fields of biomedicine with special attention to : 1.Rhemumatology 2.Molecular aspect of Indonesia Traditional Herb 3.Cardiology and Cardiovascular diseases 4.Genetics 5.Immunology 6.Environmental health 7.Toxicology 8. Neurology 9. Pharmacology 10. Oncology 11. Other multidisciplinary studies related medicine. The views of experts on current advances in nanotechnology and molecular/cell biology will be also considered for publication as long as they have a direct clinical impact on human health.

Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kedokteran (Lain-Lain)

Articles 1,518 Documents

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The Double Inflammatory Burden: Red Cell Distribution Width as an Exploratory Biomarker for Functional Outcome in Ischemic Stroke with Comorbid Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Resita Indah Sukraputri; Endang Kustiowati; Hexanto Muhartomo; Dodik Tugasworo; Aris Catur Bintoro; Elta Diah Pasmanasari
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 5 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i5.1594

Background: Ischemic stroke in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presents a highly unique clinical phenotype characterized by amplified systemic inflammation, profound endothelial dysfunction, and a pervasive prothrombotic state. The combined, synergistic effect of this double inflammatory burden exacerbates acute neuronal injury and leads to significantly poorer clinical recovery. This study evaluated Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), a widely available surrogate marker of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired erythrocyte deformability, as a prognostic biomarker for functional outcomes in this specific, high-risk inflammatory phenotype. Methods: In this retrospective analytical pilot study, 34 adult patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke and comorbid SLE were analyzed. Admission RDW values, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, and 90-day Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were collected. A poor functional outcome was rigorously defined as an mRS score of 3–6. Statistical evaluation included Mann-Whitney U tests, Spearman rank correlation, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and multivariable logistic regression to adjust for baseline neurological severity. Results: RDW demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation with initial stroke severity (NIHSS; r = 0.397; p = 0.020) and 90-day functional disability (mRS; r = 0.711; p < 0.001). The median RDW was significantly higher in patients with poor outcomes compared to those with good outcomes (15.6% versus 13.4%, p < 0.001). ROC analysis yielded an excellent Area Under the Curve of 0.89 (p < 0.001) with an optimal predictive cut-off established at 13.75%. In multivariable analysis adjusting for baseline stroke severity, an admission RDW of 13.75% or higher remained a strongly associated factor for severe long-term disability (adjusted Odds Ratio: 14.82, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.95–112.45, p = 0.009). Conclusion: RDW is a promising, inexpensive, and universally available prognostic biomarker that demonstrates a strong association with severe functional disability in ischemic stroke patients with comorbid SLE, accurately reflecting the profound neurotoxic impact of the double inflammatory burden.

VAT Dyes as Primary Sensitizers in Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Clinical and Patch Test Profiles in the Traditional Sasirangan Textile Industry Medisiana Sukses Soenoe; Muslimin; Radityastuti
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 5 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i5.1595

Background: Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) significantly impacts workers in the informal textile sector. While disperse dyes are well-documented sensitizers, the allergenic potential of VAT dyes in traditional manufacturing, such as the Indonesian Sasirangan batik industry, remains under-evaluated. Methods: An analytical observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 Sasirangan artisans (20 wet workers, 20 dry workers). Clinical diagnoses were established using the Mathias criteria and NOSQ-2002. Epicutaneous patch testing was performed using a baseline series and specific synthetic dyes (1% in petrolatum), read at 48, 72, and 96 hours per ICDRG criteria. Multivariable logistic regression complemented the primary statistical analysis to assess predictive risk factors. Results: The prevalence of positive patch tests was 62.5% (25/40). The primary sensitizers were VAT dye willanthrene brill rose 4R (42.5%) and VAT dye willanthrene green B (37.5%). A significant correlation was found between a clinical history of OCD and positive patch test outcomes (p=0.014, OR=5.6). Surprisingly, job type (wet vs. dry), handwashing frequency, and PPE use did not significantly correlate with patch test positivity (p>0.05), highlighting the pervasive nature of dye allergens across the workspace. Conclusion: VAT dyes are potent primary sensitizers in the traditional Sasirangan textile industry. A clinical history of OCD is a strong predictor of patch test positivity, emphasizing the need for targeted allergen identification and barrier protection.

Navigating Diagnostic Constraints in Pediatric Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: Successful Empirical Acyclovir Therapy without PCR Confirmation I Kadek Putra Dwipayana; Romy Windiyanto
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 5 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i5.1596

Background: Herpes simplex encephalitis is an acute or subacute disease associated with focal or global cerebral dysfunction caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2. Without adequate antiviral administration, the mortality rate reaches 70 percent, with only 9 percent of survivors returning to normal function. While cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction testing is the gold standard for diagnosis, its availability is severely restricted in resource-limited clinical environments. Case presentation: We report the case of a 4-year-old girl who presented with a profoundly decreased level of consciousness following a five-day history of fluctuating fever. Physical examination revealed a soporific state with a Glasgow Coma Scale of E4V1M1. Initial non-contrast computed tomography of the head was unremarkable. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis demonstrated a mononuclear pleocytosis. Despite the lack of polymerase chain reaction confirmation and the absence of advanced electrophysiological monitoring, the patient was empirically diagnosed with herpes simplex encephalitis based on clinical deterioration and cerebrospinal fluid findings. Immediate management included intravenous acyclovir, dexamethasone, phenobarbital, and supportive care. The patient demonstrated significant clinical improvement and was discharged on day 24 without severe immediate neurological deficits. Conclusion: The absence of molecular diagnostics and advanced neuro-monitoring must not delay the administration of intravenous acyclovir in pediatric patients exhibiting fever and altered mental status. Empirical antiviral intervention remains the most critical determinant of survival and neurological recovery.

Short-Term Efficacy Versus Long-Term Maintenance of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training for Perinatal Urinary Incontinence: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Qonita Prasta Agustia; Rahajeng
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 6 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i6.1597

Background: Postpartum urinary incontinence remains a prevalent, profoundly debilitating complication following childbirth, significantly reducing maternal physical function and psychosocial quality of life. Pelvic floor muscle training is globally established as a conservative first-line treatment. However, the stark contrast between its immediate postnatal efficacy and its long-term maintenance remains inadequately synthesized in the current literature. The aim was to evaluate this chronological divergence. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted. Data were extracted from eligible trials assessing pregnant and postpartum women undergoing pelvic floor muscle training compared to standard care. Primary outcomes included the prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence evaluated at short-term (under one year) and long-term (over one year) intervals. Data were pooled utilizing a random-effects model, calculating risk ratios for dichotomous prevalence data and standardized mean differences for continuous severity scores. Results: Eight randomized controlled trials encompassing over two thousand participants were included. Short-term analysis demonstrated a highly significant reduction in urinary incontinence prevalence among women receiving the intervention (Pooled Risk Ratio 0.65, 95% Confidence Interval 0.52 to 0.81, P < 0.001) and a significant improvement in severity scores (Standardized Mean Difference -0.72, 95% Confidence Interval -0.95 to -0.49, P < 0.001). Conversely, long-term follow-up data evaluated at the seven-year milestone showed a completely diminished effect, with no statistically significant difference in urinary incontinence prevalence between the prior intervention and control groups (Pooled Risk Ratio 0.92, 95% Confidence Interval 0.78 to 1.08, P = 0.45). Conclusion: Structured pelvic floor muscle training provided substantial, rapid short-term efficacy in preventing and treating perinatal urinary incontinence. However, the initial anatomical and neuromuscular gains did not translate into long-term maintenance, highlighting a critical drop-off in behavioral adherence and the necessity for lifelong continuous booster interventions.

Efficacy and Safety of Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering on Cardiovascular Outcomes and Orthostatic Hypotension in Frail vs. Non-Frail Elderly Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Dian Arfan As Bahri; Rose Dinda Martini; Roza Mulyana; Fandi Triansyah
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 6 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i6.1598

Background: The management of hypertension in the older adult population presents a complex clinical challenge, particularly regarding the balance between cardiovascular risk reduction and the provocation of adverse events such as orthostatic hypotension. Frailty status complicates this dynamic, creating uncertainty regarding the optimal blood pressure target. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the efficacy and safety of intensive versus standard blood pressure lowering in frail compared to non-frail older adults. Databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials and their secondary analyses reporting cardiovascular outcomes and orthostatic hypotension stratified by frailty. Data were extracted and synthesized using a random-effects model, calculating pooled risk ratios and standardized mean differences to assess primary cardiovascular events and safety outcomes. Results: Ten primary studies met the inclusion criteria. Intensive blood pressure lowering significantly reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events in both non-frail and frail cohorts. Surprisingly, intensive treatment did not increase the risk of orthostatic hypotension in frail patients and was associated with a protective effect against orthostatic hypotension in specific subsets. The risk of bias was generally low across the included trials. Conclusion: Intensive blood pressure control provides substantial cardiovascular benefits for older adults, irrespective of baseline frailty status. Furthermore, the aggressive lowering of blood pressure does not exacerbate the risk of orthostatic hypotension, challenging previous clinical hesitations. These findings support the cautious but deliberate implementation of intensive targets in the geriatric population, monitored closely by comprehensive geriatric assessments.

Clinicopathological Profiling and Skeletal Tropism of Bone Metastases in Breast Cancer: A 5-Year Retrospective Institutional Analysis in Central Java Gana Adyaksa; Benny Rizkillah Pratamayoga
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 6 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i6.1599

Background: The skeletal system is the most frequent site of distant metastasis in breast cancer, precipitating severe skeletal-related events. Characterizing histological subtypes, molecular profiles, and precise skeletal distribution is essential for targeted surveillance. Methods: A retrospective analytical cohort study of 200 consecutive patients with radiologically documented bone metastasis was conducted at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, Central Java (2021–2025). Diagnosis required definitive confirmation via CT-scan or bone scintigraphy; clinical-only diagnoses were excluded. Primary metastatic burden was objectively defined by the largest lesion volume on imaging. World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were applied, subsuming invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) into invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (NST). Immunohistochemical profiling and demographic data were extracted. Inferential statistics included Pearson Chi-Square and multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of anatomical tropism, reporting Adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Results: The cohort was predominantly female (n=199, 99.5%), with a mean age of 54.2 (SD ± 8.5) years. Following WHO consolidation, NST comprised 90.0% (n=180) and Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC) 10.0% (n=20). The axial skeleton harbored the primary burden in 82.5% of cases. ILC demonstrated a significantly distinct tropism, showing 50.0% appendicular involvement compared to 13.9% in NST. Multivariate logistic regression confirmed ILC as an independent predictor for appendicular metastasis (aOR 4.21, 95% CI 1.85–9.60, p=0.012). Conclusion: While NST exhibits a strong predilection for the axial skeleton, ILC uniquely favors appendicular dissemination. These findings mandate histology-specific diagnostic algorithms and targeted orthopedic surveillance.

Beyond PD-1/PD-L1: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of LAG-3, TIGIT, and TIM-3 as Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Breast Cancer Dinar Kukuh Prasetyo; Widyanti Soewoto
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 6 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i6.1600

Background: The therapeutic paradigm for breast cancer advanced significantly with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. However, adaptive immune resistance, driven by compensatory upregulation of alternative checkpoints—Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3)—limits durable responses. This study aimed to quantitatively synthesize the prognostic significance, tumor microenvironment interactions, and translational surgical implications of these biomarkers in breast cancer. Methods: A systematic literature search (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane) identified original research evaluating LAG-3, TIGIT, and TIM-3 expression in breast cancer cohorts. Data extraction focused on overall survival (OS) hazard ratios (HR), standardized mean differences (SMD) for tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density, and pathological complete response (pCR) rates. Random-effects meta-analyses generated forest plots, assessed heterogeneity (I-squared), and evaluated publication bias via funnel plots. Results: Eight major cohorts comprising over 7,200 patients were included. High LAG-3 expression on TILs in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) was significantly associated with improved OS (Pooled HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.95, p=0.002) and higher pCR rates following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Conversely, elevated TIGIT expression in primary tumors correlated with poorer OS (Pooled HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.18-2.11, p=0.004) and increased locoregional recurrence risk. TIM-3 demonstrated dual prognostic value: favorable in basal-like subtypes but detrimental in luminal subtypes. Funnel plots indicated minimal publication bias. Conclusion: LAG-3, TIGIT, and TIM-3 function as distinct, non-redundant biomarkers. LAG-3 signifies a primed, actionable immune response, whereas TIGIT and TIM-3 indicate severe immune exhaustion. Mapping these profiles provides critical translational value for optimizing personalized surgical timing, predicting neoadjuvant downstaging, and selecting adjuvant immunotherapies.

The Clinical Trade-off between Rapid Hemodynamic Stabilization and Respiratory Morbidity in Pediatric Dengue Shock Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Colloid versus Crystalloid Resuscitation Ni Nyoman Putri Widyastiti; I Nyoman Putra Arcana
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 6 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i6.1601

Background: Fluid resuscitation is the cornerstone therapy for pediatric Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS), a condition defined by profound endothelial hyperpermeability. The choice between crystalloids and colloids presents a clinical paradox. Crystalloids are standard first-line therapies, whereas colloids offer rapid intravascular expansion for refractory shock. This study quantifies the trade-off between the rapid hemodynamic stabilization provided by colloids and the subsequent iatrogenic risk of respiratory morbidity in pediatric DSS. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases for original randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies comparing crystalloid and colloid regimens in pediatric DSS. To address methodological heterogeneity, efficacy outcomes (time to hemodynamic stabilization) from RCTs and safety outcomes (respiratory morbidity) from observational cohorts were analyzed separately. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects models. Results: Seven studies encompassing 2,477 pediatric patients were included. Meta-analysis of RCTs demonstrated that colloid-containing regimens achieved significantly faster initial hemodynamic stabilization compared to crystalloid-only regimens (SMD -0.62, 95% CI -0.85 to -0.39). Conversely, meta-analysis of cohort data revealed that mixed or colloid-heavy regimens were associated with a markedly increased risk of respiratory morbidity and mechanical ventilation requirements (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.68 to 3.57). Overall shock recovery was prolonged in mixed-fluid groups. Conclusion: A definitive clinical trade-off exists in pediatric DSS management. Colloids rapidly restore early hemodynamics but significantly increase late-stage respiratory morbidity and ventilation requirements. This supports a restrictive, crystalloid-first resuscitation strategy. Future randomized trials are urgently needed to specifically evaluate the safety of natural colloids, such as 5% albumin, versus synthetic starches and gelatins.

Serum Neurofilament Light Chain as a Discriminatory Biomarker and Predictor of Disease Trajectory in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Cindy Permata Sari; I Ketut Sumada; Desie Yuliani; Ni Made Kurnia Dwi Jayanthi
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 6 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i6.1602

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rapidly progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deterioration of upper and lower motor neurons. Diagnostic delays are frequently caused by phenotypic overlap with various mimic disorders. Serum neurofilament light chain has emerged as a promising biomarker; however, its precise discriminatory capacity against mimics and its utility in predicting disease trajectory necessitate rigorous quantitative evaluation. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, and Scopus was conducted. Eight high-quality primary research articles met the strict inclusion criteria for data extraction. Studies evaluating diagnostic utility (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis versus mimic disorders) and prognostic value (survival hazard ratios) were included. Random-effects models calculated pooled standardized mean differences for diagnostic accuracy and pooled hazard ratios for overall survival. Results: The meta-analysis analyzed data from 8 cohorts. Serum neurofilament light chain levels were significantly elevated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients compared to mimic disorders, yielding a pooled standardized mean difference of 1.43 (95% confidence interval: 1.15 to 1.71, p < 0.001). High heterogeneity was observed (I-squared = 82%). For prognostic evaluation, a pilot quantitative synthesis of two cohorts demonstrated that higher baseline concentrations correlated with increased mortality risk, showing a pooled hazard ratio of 1.95 (95% confidence interval: 1.58 to 2.41, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Serum neurofilament light chain is a robust discriminatory biomarker capable of distinguishing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from confounding mimic disorders. Furthermore, baseline concentrations offer prognostic value for survival outcomes. These findings support the cautious integration of this biomarker into clinical algorithms, though broader multi-center prognostic studies are required.

Impact of DENV Genotypic Variation on Vaccine Efficacy and Cross-Neutralizing Antibody Responses: A Meta-Analysis Utari Gusti Yulimdra; Dewi Anggraini; Fauzia Andrini Djojosugito
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 6 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i6.1603

Background: The development of a broadly protective dengue virus (DENV) vaccine remains a paramount global health priority. Current tetravalent vaccines target the four DENV serotypes. However, intra-serotypic genetic variations, defined as genotypes, present a neglected immunological barrier. Evidence indicates that genotypic divergence critically impairs cross-neutralizing antibody responses, leaving vaccinated individuals vulnerable to circulating heterologous genotypes and severe antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). This meta-analysis quantifies the impact of DENV genotypic variation on neutralizing antibody efficacy. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis adhering to PRISMA guidelines were conducted. Quantitative virological data were extracted from primary studies, focusing on neutralizing antibody titers against homologous versus heterologous DENV genotypes. A DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model calculated the pooled Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was addressed through subgroup analyses (by serotype and host species). A sensitivity analysis employing the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman (HKSJ) adjustment verified robustness. Risk of bias was evaluated utilizing RoB 2 and SYRCLE tools. Results: Ten controlled studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled analysis revealed a severe, statistically significant reduction in neutralization capacity against heterologous genotypes compared to homologous strains, yielding an overall SMD of -1.52 (95% CI: -1.95 to -1.09, p < 0.001). High initial heterogeneity (I2 = 84.1%) was partially resolved by stratifying by serotype; the DENV-2 subgroup demonstrated the most profound neutralization deficit (SMD = -1.78, I2 = 42.5%). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the stability of the pooled effect. Conclusion: Vaccine-induced neutralizing responses are significantly attenuated against heterologous DENV genotypes. The prevailing serotype-level vaccine paradigm is insufficient for comprehensive global immunity. Next-generation vaccine designs must incorporate conserved, pan-genotypic epitopes to prevent intra-serotypic immune evasion and subsequent ADE-mediated severe disease.

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Contact Name Rachmat Hidayat

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Journal Mail Official editor.bioscmed@gmail.com

Editorial Address Jl. Sirna Raga no 99, 8 Ilir, Ilir Timur 3, Palembang

Location Kota palembang, Sumatera selatan INDONESIA

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Contact Name
Rachmat Hidayat

Contact Email
dr.rachmat.hidayat@gmail.com

Phone
+6281949581088

Journal Mail Official
editor.bioscmed@gmail.com

Editorial Address
Jl. Sirna Raga no 99, 8 Ilir, Ilir Timur 3, Palembang

Location
Kota palembang,

Sumatera selatan

INDONESIA