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Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan
Published by Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hukum dan Peradilan MA RI
ISSN : 23033274     EISSN : 25281100     DOI : https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp
Core Subject : Economy, Social,
Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan (JHP) is published by the Research Center for Law and Judiciary of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. JHP aimed to be a peer-reviewed platform and an authoritative source of information on legal and judiciary studies. The scope of JHP is analytical, objective, empirical, and contributive literature on the dynamics and development of legal studies, specifically in Indonesia. JHP welcomes scientific papers on a range of topics from research studies, judicial decisions, theoretical studies, literature reviews, philosophical and critical consultations that are analytical, objective, and systematic. However, from a wide range of topics that researchers can choose from, JHP puts more attention to the papers focusing on the sociology of law, living law, legal philosophy, history of national law, customary law, literature studies, international law, interdisciplinary, and empirical studies. Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan (JHP) is a media dedicated to judicial personnel, academician, practitioners, and law expertise in actualizing the idea of research, development, and analysis of law and judiciary. Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan comes out three times a year in March, July, and November.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 661 Documents
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Deviation From The Concept of Levering in Sale and Purchase Transactions Through Criminal Charges of - Embezzlement and/or Fraud Based on Goods Invoices Evi Kongres; Astrid Athina Indradewi; Johanes Dipa Widjaja
Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan Vol 15 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Strategi Kebijakan Hukum dan Peradilan Mahkamah Agung RI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25216/jhp.15.1.2026.197-232

Abstract

Criminal allegations of embezzlement in sale-and-purchase transactions, most frequently initiated by sellers, constitute tangible evidence of adeviation from the legal concept oflevering(delivery). Accordingly, the legal issue addressed in this research concerns thedeviation from the concept ofleveringin relation to theprinciple of freedom of contractand thecriminalization of embezzlement and/or fraud arising from non-performancein sale and purchase transactions evidenced bygoods invoices. This issue arises from the seller’s assumption that agoods invoice does not constitute a binding agreement, which is based on the belief thatownership of the goods remains with the seller despite delivery to the buyer. This research seeks to clarify thelegal concept ofleveringin sale and purchase transactions and its relationship with theprinciple of freedom of contract, particularly in the context of goods invoices, with the aim of preventing the transformation of civil sale and purchase agreements into criminal cases, through legislative approaches, case studies,and conceptualEvi Kongres,Astrid Athina Indradewi, Johanes Dipa WidjajaDeviation From The Concept ofLeveringin Sale andPurchase Transactions Through Criminal Charges of Embezzlement and/or Fraud Based on Goods Invoices198analysis.In the cases analyzed, it appears that courts generally fail to apply thetwo principal benchmarks established in jurisprudence,namely(i) the existence of a legally valid agreement, and (ii) the absence of bad faith. As a result, judicial decisions continue to blur the boundary between civil liability and criminal liability. Thenovelty of this researchlies in emphasizing that theconcept ofleveringgrounded in the principle of freedom of contract,cannot be applied within the framework of the criminal offense of embezzlement.

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