International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering (IJECBE)
The International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering (IJECBE) is an international journal that is the bridge for publishing research results in electrical, computer, and biomedical engineering. The journal is published bi-annually by the Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia. All papers will be blind-reviewed. Accepted papers will be available online (free access) The journal publishes original papers which cover but is not limited to Electronics and Nanoelectronicsc Nanoelectronics and nanophotonic devices; Nano and microelectromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS); Nanomaterials; Quantum information and computation; Electronics circuits, systems on chips, RF electronics, and RFID; Imaging and sensing technologies; Innovative teaching and learning mechanism in nanotechnology education; Nanotechnologies for medical applications. Electrical Engineering Antennas, microwave, terahertz wave, photonics systems, and free-space optical communications; Broadband communications: RF wireless and fiber optics; Telecommunication Engineering; Power and energy, power electronics, renewable energy source, and system; Intelligent Robotics, autonomous vehicles systems, and advanced control systems; Computational Engineering. Computer Engineering Architecture, Compiler Optimization, and Embedded Systems; Networks, Distributed Systems, and Security; High-performance Computing; Human-Computer Interaction (HCI); Robotics and Artificial Intelligence; Software Engineering and Programming Language; Signal and Image Processing. Biomedical Engineering Cell and Tissue Engineering; Biomaterial; Biomedical Instrumentation; Medical Imaging.
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<![CDATA[DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF SIMPLE-O: AN AUTOMATED ESSAY SCORING SYSTEM FOR JAPANESE LANGUAGE BASED ON BERT, BILSTM, AND BIGRU ]]>
<![CDATA[Junaidi, Muhammad Aidan Daffa]]>;
<![CDATA[Ratna, Anak Agung Putri]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Indonesia ]]>
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DOI: 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i3.100
<![CDATA[This study aims to develop an Automatic Essay Scoring System (SIMPLE-O) for Japanese essays, consisting of five short essay questions. SIMPLE-O is designed to enhance scoring accuracy by leveraging deep learning models such as BERT, BiLSTM, and BiGRU. The research evaluates deep-level score predictions for each question, rather than only considering the total score across the five questions, to provide more reliable and accurate assessments. SIMPLE-O compares student responses with three predefined answer keys using two similarity measurement methods: Cosine Similarity and Manhattan Distance. The study employs datasets developed through data augmentation techniques applied to lecturer and student responses. The system is implemented using Python, and its performance is evaluated through analyses of various architectures based on specified hyperparameters. The best results were achieved using a BERT-BiLSTM architecture with the Cosine Similarity method, configured with a batch size of 8, 256 hidden state units, a learning rate of 0.00001, and 100 epochs. The evaluation demonstrated that this approach achieved a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 7.230% and an average score difference of 5.689. This research highlights the potential of SIMPLE-O for automated scoring of Japanese essays, offering improved accuracy, reliability, and deeper analytical insights.]]>
<![CDATA[Risk Assessment of Solar Power Plant Development in Indonesia Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process Method ]]>
<![CDATA[Ginting, Frederick Sakaja]]>;
<![CDATA[Garniwa, Iwa]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Indonesia ]]>
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DOI: 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i3.110
<![CDATA[The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is committed to building Solar Power Plant in Indonesia with the aim of increasing the national electrification ratio and ensuring equitable energy access, especially for people who have not enjoyed electricity. This study aims to determine what risk factors exist in the construction of Solar Power Plant and conduct a risk assessment using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results of the analysis show that there are 7 criteria and 38 risk sub-criteria. The project risk criterion has the highest weight with an expert value of 25.2%, self-assessment 36.9% and employees 2.2%. In the sub-criteria, the provider is late in completing the work, it has the highest weight with an expert value of 6.7%, self-assessment 10.6% and employees 0.1%.]]>
<![CDATA[Modernizing Voting Systems: A Comprehensive Approach Using Blockchain, Biometrics and Zero Knowledge Proofs ]]>
<![CDATA[Kumar, Narendar]]>;
<![CDATA[Kumar, Surendar]]>;
<![CDATA[Waqar, Abdul]]>;
<![CDATA[Ngantung, Clavincy Francis Yohanes]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Indonesia ]]>
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DOI: 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i3.116
<![CDATA[This research article provides the design of an in-person and remote voting system, while at the same time ensuring the privacy of users that would guarantee openness, transparency, and at the same time fraud-free results. The aim is to solve various common problems associated with most conventional elections including fraud, vote manipulation, through adaptation of the usage of a safe, highly transparent decentralized logical Hyperledger Fabric-based system provided by blockchain implementation. The methodology in this article is to be implemented for the sheer reason of urgency needed in making a more secure and transparent system for voting, considering even the rising frauds in elections. The addition of Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP) guarantees that votes are confident and correct, yet anonymous between a voter and their vote. Biometric identification makes the system resistant to double spending. This incorporation of technologies ensures there is privacy and immutability against the double transactions, which, in turn, would be put in place as foundation for the future to be provided wherein every process in an election becomes safe and transparent. Innovation via creating a voting system to be trusted to meet today's demands and set standards for future electoral processes.]]>
<![CDATA[Reliability Assessment of Interconnected Substations Using the Reliability Block Diagram Approach ]]>
<![CDATA[Hermoyo, Ganis]]>;
<![CDATA[Fitri, Ismi Rosyiana]]>;
<![CDATA[Widyanto, Aji Nur]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Indonesia ]]>
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DOI: 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i3.123
<![CDATA[The reliability of substations plays a crucial role in maintaining the continuity and stability of power supply in transmission systems. This study evaluates the reliability level of two interconnected 150 kV substations using the Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) approach. The RBD model is applied to map the actual component configuration, from major component levels to the system level, based on operational age and component failure rate data. Simulation results show that System1 has a reliability value of 0.907735, while System2 reaches 0.979424. This discrepancy indicates a potential for reliability improvement through component rejuvenation strategies. A scenario simulating the replacement of critical equipment successfully increased the reliability of system1 to 0.980168 and raised the overall reliability of the interconnected system to 0.959989. These findings suggest that a prioritized maintenance or renewal of component strategy targeting critical component can significantly enhance the overall reliability of the transmission system.]]>
<![CDATA[Analysis of Single Phase to Ground Faults Caused by Animals on Energy Not Served (ENS) in the Sumatera System ]]>
<![CDATA[Januarsyah, Ginanjar]]>;
<![CDATA[Widyanto, Aji Nur]]>;
<![CDATA[Husnayain, Faiz]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Indonesia ]]>
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DOI: 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i3.124
<![CDATA[Animal disturbances on the High Voltage / Extra High Transmission Air Lines (SUTT / SUTET) in the work area of PT PLN (Persero) Sumatra Load Regulation and Distribution Center Main Unit (UIP3B Sumatra) during the period 2020-2024 have caused 208 animal disturbances on transmission lines and 35 animal disturbances on power transformers. This study provides information on mitigating animal interference, analyzing trends or patterns of animal habits that cause interference, and providing information on Energy Not Served (ENS). The data covers the period from 2020 to 2024, with a focus on evaluating the types of animals causing interference, the frequency and duration of outages, load data at the time of interference and the effectiveness of mitigation implemented, including recording the date, location, animal species, event classification, causal factors and response actions taken. This approach aims to improve understanding of the impact and behavior of wildlife on energy supply and to improve reliability and reduce the number of ENS. The results showed that the behavior of each animal was consistent with the fault data analysis, and the largest amount of undelivered power was monkeys 629.15 MWh, followed by birds 391.167 MWh and 358.04 MWh. Reducing the number of disturbances is done by preventive maintenance in animal-prone areas, with regular monitoring and evaluation so that ENS can be minimized]]>
<![CDATA[Development of a 1550 nm LiDAR System Using Galvanometer and i-ToF Method for Distance Measurement and 2D Object Reconstruction ]]>
<![CDATA[Hutagalung, Febrian Winston]]>;
<![CDATA[Purnamaningsih, Retno Wigajatri]]>;
<![CDATA[Nainggolan, Sahat Pandapotan]]>;
<![CDATA[Rofianingrum, Mefina Yulias]]>;
<![CDATA[Hapiddin, Asep]]>;
<![CDATA[Hanto, Dwi]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Indonesia ]]>
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DOI: 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i3.129
<![CDATA[LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a high-precision distance measurement technology based on laser light reflection. This study develops a galvanometer-based LiDAR system utilizing the indirect Time of Flight (i-ToF) method with 100 MHz sinusoidal modulation and a 1550 nm eye-safe laser diode. The system is designed to measure distance and identify the shape of 2D objects. The system was tested through phase difference measurements, galvanometer response, and flat-surface mapping at distances of 25 cm and 35 cm. The measurement results demonstrate high linearity and stability up to a maximum range of 1.5 meters, in accordance with the 360° phase difference (∆φ) limitation. The measurements of object dimensions in the form of an aluminum foil-covered plate at distances of 25 cm (1.76 cm × 2.63 cm) and 35 cm (2.45 cm × 3.66 cm) indicate that increasing the distance between the object and the system results in a wider coverage area but with reduced spatial resolution. At a distance of 25 cm, the light beam shifts by 0.436 cm/1°∆φ, whereas at 35 cm it shifts by 0.611 cm/1°∆φ. Furthermore, the limited active area of the photodetector was identified as the main factor restricting the detection coverage. This research opens opportunities for further development, particularly in optimizing galvanometer angle adjustments and enhancing the photodetector’s active area to expand coverage and improve measurement accuracy under various operating conditions.]]>
<![CDATA[Grid Impact of Battery Swapping Station for Electric Two-Wheelers in Indonesia ]]>
<![CDATA[Jamaluddin, Tisha Aditya Anggraini]]>;
<![CDATA[Syamroni, Abdul Wachid]]>;
<![CDATA[Husnayain, Faiz]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Indonesia ]]>
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DOI: 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i3.130
<![CDATA[Indonesia is rapidly advancing toward electric transportation, with electric two-wheelers playing a crucial role, driven by widespread use and cost-effectiveness. While battery swapping stations (BSS) offer a practical and gap solution over charging station scenario through the stop-go schema, knockdown units and lessen upfront investment, however their unpredictable nature—stemming from random user swaps and varying battery state-of-charge (SoC)—creates dependency operational challenges, particularly for low-voltage distribution grid feeders (DGF). Hence, this article thoroughly evaluates grid impacts using a modified IEEE 9-bus system, focusing on future urban multi-source feeders in Indonesia. A stochastic simulation process for BSS operates every minute over 1440 periods, effectively capturing the near-realistic dynamics of BSS operational behavior and assessing the effects on voltage stability, lines, and transformer loadings concerning BSS integration in quasi-dynamic power flow analysis through DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The findings reveal that even a minor deployment of BSS can cause a voltage drop of up to 1.1%, a 30% increase in transformer loading, and a 100% rise in line loading, especially during peak exchangeable periods. These results highlight the need for proactive infrastructure planning and grid readiness strategies toward Indonesia’s future vision to decarbonize the transport sector into a scalable electric vehicle (EV) ecosystem.]]>
<![CDATA[Optimization of Preventive Maintenance Planning for the Motor Cooling System at PLTGU Using Differential Evolution ]]>
<![CDATA[Putranugraha, Derry]]>;
<![CDATA[Garniwa, Iwa]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Indonesia ]]>
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DOI: 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i3.132
<![CDATA[Determination of the optimal preventive maintenance time of the three-phase induction motor (88WC) during operation at 380V in the cooling system of the Semarang Gas and Steam Power Plant (PLTGU) is done by combining the Power-Law Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process (NHPP) model and the Differential Evolution (DE) Algorithm to achieve minimum total maintenance cost. The parameters of NHPP, β = 1.75 and η = 7,198.99 hours, are estimated using the least squares method from the historical failure data for the 2020–2024 period, recording failures beyond 20,000 operating hours. The DE optimization results provide the optimum PM time of 371.60 hours to reduce the total cost from IDR 28,198,935 (for the 500-hour interval) to IDR 20,299,822, achieving a cost savings of 38%. Validation is performed using Monte Carlo simulations with 1,000,000 iterations that yield a pre-optimization failure probability of 0.56%. Sensitivity analysis using a ±20% parameter variation also proves the model's robustness. This data-driven framework is thus anticipated to increase the reliability and cost-effectiveness of the PLTGU cooling system and is scalable to other power-generating facilities]]>
<![CDATA[Defying Data Scarcity: High-Performance Indonesian Short Answer Grading via Reasoning-Guided Language Model Fine-Tuning ]]>
<![CDATA[Faza, Muhammad Naufal]]>;
<![CDATA[Purnamasari, Prima Dewi]]>;
<![CDATA[Ratna, Anak Agung Putri]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Indonesia ]]>
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DOI: 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i3.148
<![CDATA[Automated Short Answer Grading (ASAG) is crucial for scalable feedback, but applying it to low-resource languages like Indonesian is challenging. Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) severely overfit small, specialized educational datasets, limiting utility. This study compares nine traditional machine learning models against two fine-tuning strategies for Gemma-3-1b-it on an expanded Indonesian ASAG dataset (n=220): (a) standard fine-tuning predicting only scores, and (b) a proposed reasoning-guided approach where the model first generates a score rationale using knowledge distillation before predicting the score. The reasoning-guided model (Gemma-3-1b-ASAG-ID-Reasoning) achieved state-of-the-art performance (QWK 0.7791; Spearman’s 0.8276), significantly surpassing the best traditional model in this study (SVR, QWK 0.6952). This work advances foundational LSA-based approaches for this task by introducing a more robust methodology and evaluation framework. Crucially, standard fine-tuning (Gemma-3-1b-ASAG-ID) suffered catastrophic overfitting (QWK 0.7279), indicated by near-perfect training but poor test scores. While the reasoning-guided LLM showed superior accuracy, it required over 35 times more inference time. Results demonstrate that distilled reasoning acts as a powerful regularizer, compelling the LLM to learn underlying grading logic rather than memorizing pairs, establishing a viable method for high-performance ASAG in data-scarce environments despite computational trade-offs.]]>
<![CDATA[Reliability Improvement of Defense Scheme Implementation Using Adaptive Load Shedding Based On System Strength Index ]]>
<![CDATA[Widyantara, Dwitiya Bagus]]>;
<![CDATA[Garniwa, Iwa]]>;
<![CDATA[Jufri, Fauzan Hanif]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Indonesia ]]>
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DOI: 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i3.150
<![CDATA[One of the defense schemes in power systems is Under Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS), designed to mitigate cascading blackouts caused by frequency disturbances. UFLS operates based on predetermined frequency thresholds and time delays, which inherently characterizes it as a static protection mechanism and may cause unnecessary excessive or insufficient load shedding. Therefore, an Adaptive Load Shedding (ALS) approach started to gain popularity, which enables load shedding based on real-time conditions, particularly during generator outages. In this research, a comparative analysis is conducted between the conventional UFLS method and a newly developed ALS scheme that integrates the System Strength Index (SSI) to improve the system's reliability, as evaluated by Energy Not Served (ENS). The proposed ALS algorithm processes real-time feeder load data, ranks the feeders by load magnitude in descending order, and optimizes the load shedding setpoints by incorporating the SSI. The proposed method is simulated in the Flores power system model using actual historical data for two load conditions: the highest and the lowest. The results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional UFLS by 7.31% in terms of improved ENS.]]>
