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INDONESIA
International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
Published by Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia
ISSN : 30471370     EISSN : 30471362     DOI : 10.62951
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
law and social politics, both theoretical and empirical. The focus of this journal is on studies of civil law, criminal law, constitutional law, international law, procedural law and customary law, politics and social sciences
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 182 Documents
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Legal Challenges of Artificial Intelligence Implementation in The Tourism Governance System in Bali Ni Putu Anindya Cahyani
International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): June: International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
Publisher : Asosiasi Penelitian dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62951/ijlcj.v3i2.946

Abstract

This study analyzes the legal challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) implementation in the tourism governance system in Bali, Indonesia, where the rapid adoption of AI technologies such as smart tourism platforms, automated decision-making systems, and data-driven personalization has transformed tourism services but has not been matched by adequate legal regulation. The research employs a normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, examining Indonesian legal instruments including Law No. 10 of 2009 on Tourism and Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection, alongside comparative frameworks such as the EU Artificial Intelligence Act and Singapore’s Model AI Governance Framework. The analysis uses qualitative descriptive interpretation of legal materials to identify regulatory gaps, legal uncertainties, and governance challenges. The findings reveal that Indonesia lacks a specific and comprehensive legal framework governing AI in tourism, resulting in legal uncertainty particularly in relation to accountability, data protection, ethical governance, and institutional coordination. Comparative analysis indicates that other jurisdictions have adopted more structured, risk-based, and principle-oriented AI governance models that could serve as references for Indonesia’s regulatory development. The study concludes that the absence of AI-specific regulation creates significant challenges for legal certainty and governance effectiveness in Bali’s tourism sector, thereby necessitating regulatory reform to ensure a legal framework that integrates principles of transparency, accountability, fairness, and human oversight in AI-based tourism governance systems.
Criminal Liability of COD Couriers As Narcotics Intermediaries: an Analysis of Article 114 of The Narcotics Law And the New Criminal Code Preden Ginting; Ujuh Juhana
International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): June: International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
Publisher : Asosiasi Penelitian dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62951/ijlcj.v3i2.952

Abstract

The proliferation of digital commerce has enabled a new narcotics distribution mode through Cash on Delivery (COD) systems that exploit delivery couriers as intermediaries, systematically obscuring criminal trails and placing intellectual perpetrators beyond immediate risk of arrest. This study analyzes the regulation and application of criminal liability of COD couriers as narcotics intermediaries under Article 114(1) of Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, reviewed against the New Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023), while critically examining the practice of proving the intent element in Bandung City. A normative-empirical legal method was employed, integrating statutory, conceptual, case-based, and comparative approaches. Empirical data were obtained from the Narcotics Criminal Investigation Unit of Polrestabes Bandung, which handled 92 cases involving 117 suspects across three monitoring periods in 2024. The research reveals that the phrase "acting as an intermediary" in Article 114(1) inherently contains an active will element requiring positive proof of intent. The New Criminal Code's Article 35 codifies the principle geen straf zonder schuld as binding positive law, while Articles 20–22 mandate proportional role differentiation among perpetrators, co-perpetrators, and accessories. In practice, however, investigators apply a presumption of knowledge derived from physical possession and uniformly categorize couriers as full perpetrators without typology assessment. This systemic gap produces over-criminalization that potentially violates suspects' constitutional rights under Article 28D(1) of the 1945 Constitution. The study recommends immediate standardization of mens rea evidentiary procedures, mandatory courier typology identification, and harmonization of the Narcotics Law with the New Criminal Code.

Page 19 of 19 | Total Record : 182

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