Jurnal Rekayasa Proses
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses is an open-access journal published by Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada as scientific journal to accommodate current topics related to chemical and biochemical process exploration and optimization which covers multi scale analysis from micro to macro and full plant size. Specialization topics covered by Jurnal Rekayasa Proses are: 1. Kinetics and Catalysis Includes simulations and experiments in reaction kinetics, catalyst synthesis and characterization, reactor design, process intensification, microreactor, multiphase reactors, multiscale phenomena, transfer phenomena in multiphase reactors. 2. Separation and Purification System Includes phase equilibrium, mass transfer, mixing and segregation, unit operation, distillation, absorption, extraction, membrane separation, adsorption, ion exchange, chromatography, crystallization and precipitation, supercritical fluids, bioprocess product purification. 3. Process System Engineering Includes simulation, analysis, optimization, and process control on chemical/biochemical processes based on mathematical modeling; multiscale modeling strategy (molecular level, phase level, unit level, and inter-unit integration); design of experiment (DoE); current methods on simulation for model parameter determination. 4. Oil, Gas, and Coal Technology Includes chemical engineering application on process optimization to achieve utmost efficiency in energy usage, natural gas purification, fractionation recovery, CO2 capture, coal liquefaction, enhanced oil recovery and current technology to deal with scarcity in fossil fuels and its environmental impacts. 5. Particle Technology Includes application of chemical engineering concepts on particulate system, which covers phenomenological study on nucleation, particle growth, breakage, and aggregation, particle population dynamic model, particulate fluid dynamic in chemical processes, characterization and engineering of particulate system. 6. Mineral Process Engineering Includes application of chemical engineering concepts in mineral ore processing, liberation techniques and purification, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and energy efficiency in mineral processing industries. 7. Material and biomaterial Includes application of chemical engineering concepts in material synthesis, characterization, design and scale up of nano material synthesis, multiphase phenomena, material modifications (thin film, porous materials etc), contemporary synthesis techniques (such as chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal synthesis, colloidal synthesis, nucleation mechanism and growth, nano particle dispersion stability, etc.). 8. Bioresource and Biomass Engineering Includes natural product processing to create higher economic value through purification and conversion techniques (such as natural dye, herbal supplements, dietary fibers, edible oils, etc), energy generation from biomass, life cycle and economic analysis on bioresource utilization. 9. Biochemistry and Bioprocess Engineering Includes biochemical reaction engineering, bioprocess optimization which includes microorganism selection and maintenance, bioprocess application for waste treatment, bioreactor modeling and optimization, downstream processing. 10. Biomedical Engineering Includes enhancement of cellular productions of enzymes, protein engineering, tissue engineering, materials for implants, and new materials to improve drug delivery system. 11. Energy, Water, Environment, and Sustainability Includes energy balances/audits in industries, energy conversion systems, energy storage and distribution system, water quality, water treatment, water quality analysis, green processes, waste minimization, environment remediation, and environment protection efforts (organic fertilizer production and application, biopesticides, etc.).
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<![CDATA[Modifikasi proses pengolahan Boiler Feed Water (BFW) dari All Volatile Treatment (AVT) menjadi Oxygenated Treatment (OT) untuk produksi listrik ramah lingkungan ]]>
<![CDATA[Sigit Setyawan]]>;
<![CDATA[Ilham Satria Raditya Putra]]>;
<![CDATA[Agik Dwika Putra]]>;
<![CDATA[Rochim Bakti Cahyono]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15 No 2 (2021): Volume 15, Number 2, 2021 ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.65976
<![CDATA[In power plant industries, boiler feed water (BFW) quality becomes the main parameter for steam generation, which is used for electricity production. To generate standard BFW for power plants, each impurity within water resources should be removed to prevent corrosion and scale deposition by several processes such as sedimentation, coagulation, polishing, and deaeration. Operation conditions that involved high temperature would trigger corrosion as a crucial factor in the maintenance and practical lifetime of the equipment. In the beginning of the operation, PT. Cirebon Electric Power (CEP) used All Volatile Treatment–Reduction (AVT-R) by injection of both ammonia and hydrazine. In order to optimize the operation, the BFW treatment was changed to All Volatile Treatment–Oxidation (AVT-O) that only uses of ammonia and deaerator for removing the dissolved gas. Based on the actual evaluation, AVT technology showed less performance related to corrosion prevention and high chemical consumption. Therefore, PT. CEP tried to implement modification in the BFW treatment, which is AVT technology to Oxygenated Treatment (OT). This paper is to evaluate the effect of those modifications on corrosion prevention and resource-energy saving. The modification into OT showed valuable results that decrease concentration of dissolved Fe from 1 ppb to 0.1 ppb in the deaerator outlet stream. This data reveals that good corrosion prevention can be achieved through the creation of passive layers, hematite Fe2O3. Oxygen injection into the water circulation system yielded an oxidation atmosphere so that the passive layer, Fe2O3, was formed. In addition to corrosion prevention, this modification also cut the amount of ammonia injection into the system from 2 ppm to 0.12 ppm. Reduction of that ammonia injection provides other benefits such as decreasing the volume of resin regeneration, which becomes only twice a month. This situation also created other benefits such as reducing the regeneration water, chemicals, and wastewater. Thus, the modification could establish the electricity production by PT. CEP more environmentally friendly and sustainable.]]>
<![CDATA[Separation of 6-gingerol in zingiber officinale rubrum varieties using an ultrasonic assisted extraction method ]]>
<![CDATA[Herliati Rahman]]>;
<![CDATA[Satrio Nur Prambudi]]>;
<![CDATA[Wahyu Endranaka]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15 No 2 (2021): Volume 15, Number 2, 2021 ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.67955
<![CDATA[Gingerol is a chemical compound found in red ginger, with pharmaceutical use as an analgesic drug. Generally, gingerol separation in ginger uses the Soxhlet extraction method, but this process has a weakness. It requires a long process and unsatisfactory yield. This research aims to study ultrasonic frequency effect on increasing gingerol yield in the extraction process. The variables studied were extraction times with variations of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. In addition, the ultrasonic effect was also observed with variations in the ultrasonic frequency of 40 and 50 kHz compared to the solvent extraction method. This study used 70% (v/v) ethanol as a solvent and an operating temperature of 50 ºC as fixed variables. Furthermore, it used a rotary vacuum evaporator at a pressure of 350 mmHg to separate the resulting gingerol extract. Qualitative sample analysis used Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) while quantitative analysis used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Waters Alliance e2695 brand with X-Terra RP18 column 100 x 4.6 mm, five μm to determine the total gingerol extract. The results showed that ultrasonic power had a significant effect on the results obtained, with the highest yield was 24.71% at the ultrasonic frequency of 50 kHz with an extraction time of 120 minutes.]]>
<![CDATA[Evaluasi manfaat penggantian chemical amine N1800 menjadi N1805 dalam rangka pengurangan jejak karbon ]]>
<![CDATA[Wahyu Widiyantara]]>;
<![CDATA[Muhammad Kurniawan Adiputra]]>;
<![CDATA[Eka Wijayanto]]>;
<![CDATA[Lisendra Marbelia]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15 No 2 (2021): Volume 15, Number 2, 2021 ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.68814
<![CDATA[Continuous innovation in tools and/or processes in the chemical industry to achieve efficiency and an environmentally friendly industry is mandatory. In supporting this, PT. KMI modified the process by replacing the neutralizing amine material used in the boiler feed water system. The replacement of amine was carried out in mid-2017, from amine N1800 to N1805. Data on consumption of amines and solvent water for 2015-2020 was used as the basis for the evaluation. Estimation of the amount of emissions was also carried out by calculating the need for solvent water, drum containers for amine materials and also transportation of materials from the producer to PT. KMI. From the calculation results, it can be concluded that changing the amine material from N1800 to N1805 provides good benefits, namely: (1) reducing the annual cost of consuming amine, (2) reducing the need for solvent water and the burden of water pollutants and (3) reducing emissions significantly . The reduction in emissions mostly comes from savings in the use of container drums and transportation, while the reduction in water use is less significant.]]>
<![CDATA[Characteristics and kinetics study of glycerolabietate from glycerol and abietic acid from rosin ]]>
<![CDATA[Danang Tri Hartanto]]>;
<![CDATA[Rochmadi]]>;
<![CDATA[Meiga Putri Wahyu]]>;
<![CDATA[Diastari Kusumawati]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15 No 2 (2021): Volume 15, Number 2, 2021 ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.69206
<![CDATA[Rosin is a natural resin from the coniferous tree sap, which separated from its oil content (terpenes). Rosin is brittle. Therefore modifications are needed to improve its mechanical properties. The main content of rosin is abietic acid which has a carboxylic group, so it can form an ester group when reacted with polyhydric alcohol (polyalcohol) such as glycerol. The research aimed to study the kinetics of the esterification reaction between the hydroxyl group in glycerol and the carboxylic group in abietic acid from rosin at various reaction temperatures and reactant compositions. This reaction is carried out in a three-neck flask at atmospheric pressure without a catalyst. The reaction temperatures used were 180˚C, 200˚C, and 220˚C, and the ratio of rosin and glycerol was 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The reaction kinetics calculations were analyzed with acid number data over the reaction time using three different models. The calculations showed that this reaction involves positioning a hydroxyl group on glycerol, which the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups contribute to forming a rosin ester (glycerolabietate). The rate of reaction constants of primary hydroxyl of glycerol and abietic acid were in the range 6.25x10-4 - 3.90x10-3 g/(mgeq.min), while reaction rate constants of secondary hydroxyl and abietic acid were in the range 1.06x10-5 - 1.15x10-4 g/(mgeq.min). FTIR analysis showed a change in the hydroxyl, carboxylate, and ester groups which were assigned by a shift of wavenumber and a difference of intensity at 3200-3570 cm-1, 1697.36 cm-1, and 1273.02 cm-1.]]>
<![CDATA[The effect of nutrients mixture on The biomass and lipid production from microalgae Botryococcus braunii mutated by UV-C rays ]]>
<![CDATA[Thea Prastiwi Soedarmodjo]]>;
<![CDATA[Hakun Wirawasista Aparamarta]]>;
<![CDATA[Arief Widjaja]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15 No 2 (2021): Volume 15, Number 2, 2021 ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.69228
<![CDATA[Nutrient is one of the most important factors in the growth of microalgae. This research was conducted to study the effect of nutrient mixture on the biomass and lipid production of Botryococcus braunii. Microalgae B. braunii was cultivated in the commercial nutrient medium of agricultural fertilizer combinations of ammonium sulphate (ZA), urea, and triple superphosphate (TSP). Before the cultivation process, B. braunii was exposed to UV-C rays (254 nm) for 3 minutes. The concentration and type of fertilizer as a nitrogen source divided into four types of mixtures, namely FM-1, FM-2, FM-3, and FM-4 were compared with Walne nutrients to study their effects on microalgae growth and lipids. FM-1 consisting of 150 mg/L of ZA, 7.5 mg/L of urea, and 25 mg/L of TSP led to the best growth for native and mutated microalgae strains compared to Walne nutrients and other nutrient mixtures. The mutated microalgae showed less growth than the native microalgae strains. However, the mutation process significantly increased the lipid content in the microalgae. In native microalgae strains, FM-4 consisting of 136.3 mg/L of urea and 50 mg/L of TSP produced the lowest lipid at 8.96%. After being exposed to UV-C rays, the lipids in FM-4 medium increased to 55.11%. The results show that the use of commercial fertilizers and exposure to UV-C rays on microalgae have high potential in preparing lipids as raw material for biodiesel which can be effectively applied in large-scale microalgae cultivation.]]>
<![CDATA[Pemanfaatan jerami padi (Oryza sativa L.) sebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan CMC (Carboximetil Cellulose) ]]>
<![CDATA[Masrullita]]>;
<![CDATA[Meriatna]]>;
<![CDATA[Zulmiardi]]>;
<![CDATA[Ferri Safriwardy]]>;
<![CDATA[Auliani]]>;
<![CDATA[Rizka Nurlaila]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15 No 2 (2021): Volume 15, Number 2, 2021 ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.69569
<![CDATA[Rice straw is a waste from rice plants that contains 37.71% cellulose, 21.99% hemicellulose, and 16.62% lignin. High cellulose content in rice straw can be used as raw material for the manufacture of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). CMC is a cellulose derivative widely used in food, pharmaceutical, detergent, textile and cosmetic products industries as a thickener, stabilizer of emulsions, or suspensions and bonding. This study aims to process rice straw waste into CMC with variations in sodium monochloroacetate of 5,6,7,8 and 9 grams. The method used in this research is by synthesis using 15% NaOH solvent, with a reaction time of 3.5 hours and 5 grams of rice straw. The results showed that the best CMC was obtained at a concentration of 9 grams of sodium monochloroacete with a yield characterization of 94%, pH 6, water content of 13.39%, degree of substitution (Ds) of 0.80, and viscosity of 1.265 cP.]]>
<![CDATA[The effect of hydrochloric acid solution and glycerol on the mechanical, hydrate properties and degradation rate of biofilm from ripe banana peels ]]>
<![CDATA[Putri Ramadhany]]>;
<![CDATA[Justin Kenny Hardono]]>;
<![CDATA[Maria Gabriela K.]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15 No 2 (2021): Volume 15, Number 2, 2021 ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.69435
<![CDATA[Banana peel is a biomass waste that has not been utilised optimally, despite its high starch content. Moreover, starch has potential as a raw material for biofilm or edible film production. This research focused on using the starch content from the mature banana peel to create a biofilm. Starch was extracted from the banana peel; then, it was hydrolyzed with a variation of hydrochloric acid solution (HCl) of 0.5 M (0, 2, 4 %-v/v Starch). Glycerol (0, 20, 40 %-w/w starch) was used as a plasticizer. It was found that the formulation of 4%-v/v HCl solution and glycerol 20%-w/w resulted in the highest biofilm’s tensile strength of 4.18 MPa. However, the elongation break percentage achieved the best result at 20,2% when the formulation of 0%-v/v HCl solution and 40%-w/w glycerol was applied. Increasing HCl solution and glycerol was proven to improve the biofilm’s solubility in the water, where 47.9% solubility was attained in the formulation of 40%-w/w glycerol and 4%-v/v HCl solution. The degradation rate of biofilm in the soil was measured using zero- and first-order kinetic rates. The zero-order resulted in the best model with a half-life time (t1/2) between 73 to 108 days.]]>
<![CDATA[Effect of surfactant type on synthesis and characteristics of nanonickel hydroxide ]]>
<![CDATA[Stephen Lim]]>;
<![CDATA[Ratna Frida Susanti]]>;
<![CDATA[Gelar Panji Gemilar]]>;
<![CDATA[Widi Astuti]]>;
<![CDATA[Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus]]>;
<![CDATA[Kevin Cleary Wanta]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15 No 2 (2021): Volume 15, Number 2, 2021 ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.69723
<![CDATA[Nickel hydroxide has a vital role in various applications, especially as a support material for energy storage materials. Nickel hydroxide can be synthesized through the hydroxide precipitation method. However, the product formed by this method may be large or more than 100 nm because the agglomeration step can occur easily. This present work aims to study the effect of surfactant types in the synthesis and characterization of nickel hydroxide nanoparticle. Nickel sulfate (NiSO4) solution was used as a precursor solution, while 5M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was used as a precipitation agent. The surfactants studied were alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The nickel hydroxide synthesis process was carried out at 50 oC for 1 hour. The surfactant concentration used was at the critical micelle concentration (CMC), where the CMC for ABS, SDS, CTAB, and PVP were 0.01; 0.05; 3; and 0.5 %w/v, respectively. The synthesis of nickel hydroxide nanoparticle was carried out successfully precipitated almost 100% of Ni2+ ions. The product characterization that has been carried out shows that ABS surfactant produces the best nickel hydroxide nanoparticle product where the particle size is 3.12–4.47 nm.]]>
<![CDATA[Penyisihan kontaminan dari air limbah hasil daur ulang baterai LiFePO4 (LFP) menggunakan penukar ion resin kation Amberlite HPR1100 Na dan resin anion Dowex Marathon A ]]>
<![CDATA[Satryo Dewanto Suryohendrasworo]]>;
<![CDATA[Laras Parasakti]]>;
<![CDATA[Sarah Nabila Salma]]>;
<![CDATA[Agus Prasetya]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15 No 2 (2021): Volume 15, Number 2, 2021 ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.69847
<![CDATA[In 2025, it is estimated that the need for Li-ion batteries will reach 400,000 tons. Strategic efforts are needed to realize sustainable use of Li-ion batteries. After the Li-ion battery usage cycle ends, the Li-ion battery will be processed again to extract the important metals contained in the cathode, especially lithium. In general, the recycling process is carried out using a hydrometallurgical method which consists of a series of leaching and precipitation. However, in the purification process waste air is produced which contains various metals in different concentrations. For LFP batteries, these metals come from the cathode which contains Li, Na, Si, and PO4. The process of leaching and washing cathode powder requires relatively large amounts of air. Wastewater treatment resulting from the battery recycling process is expected to significantly increase water use efficiency. In this experiment, the batch adsorption method with Amberlite HPR1100 Na cation exchange resin and Dowex Marathon A anion resin was used to remove metal ions from artificial waste air. Samples of treated wastewater were taken at 3, 6, 10, 20, 30 minutes and on the 3rd day. Based on the results of the removal percentage, it was found that artificial wastewater treatment using the adsorption method using Amberlite HPR1100 Na cation ion exchange resin can reduce lithium and sodium ion levels by up to 100% in the 20th minute with variations in the adsorbent dose of 10 g/100 mL, while the use of ions Dowex Marathon A -exchange anion resin can reduce phosphate ion levels by up to 100% in the 30th minute with an adsorbent dose of 10 g/100 mL. With the adsorption isotherm, the Langmuir model is more in line with the experimental data with parameter values Qm and KL for lithium ions of 1.16 mg/g and 2.57 mg/g, sodium ions of 74.62 mg/g and 0.04 mg/g. gL/mg, and phosphate ion of 208.33 mg/g and 0.06 mg/g. In addition, kinetic studies show that the pseudo second-order model has a better fit to the data than the pseudo first-order.]]>
<![CDATA[A review on the hydroisomerisasion of n-parafins over supported metal catalysts ]]>
<![CDATA[Muhammad Safaat]]>;
<![CDATA[Indri Badria Adilina]]>;
<![CDATA[Silvester Tursiloadi]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15 No 2 (2021): Volume 15, Number 2, 2021 ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.67587
<![CDATA[Catalytic hydroisomerization of n-paraffin aims to produce branched paraffin isomers and suppress cracking reactions in the production of the low cloud point of biodiesel. The development of the type of metal and catalyst support, amount of metal loading, and reaction conditions are important to increase the catalyst activity. A high performace catalyst for hydroisomerization bears bifunctional characteristics with a high level of hydrogenation active sites and low acidity, maximizing the progress of hydroisomerization compared to the competitive cracking reaction. In addition, a catalyst support with smaller pore size can hinder large molecular structure isoparaffins to react on the acid site in the pore thus providing good selectivity for converting n-paraffin. Catalysts loaded with noble metals (Pt or Pd) showed significantly higher selectivity for hydroisomerization than non-noble transition metals such as Ni, Co, Mo and W. The reaction temperature and contact time are also important parameters in hydroisomerization of long chain paraffin, because long contact times and high temperatures tend to produce undesired byproducts of cracking. This review reports several examples of supported metal catalyst used in the hydroisomerization of long chain hydrocarbon n-paraffins under optimized reaction conditions, providing the best isomerization selectivity results with the lowest amount of byproducts. The role of various metals and their supports will be explained mainly for bifunctional catalysts.]]>
