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Published by Universitas Sumatera Utara

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Search results for , issue "Vol 5, No 1 (2016)" : 10 Documents clear

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN MALEAT ANHIDRIDA-GRAFTED-POLIPROPILENA TERHADAP SIFAT KEKUATAN BENTUR DAN PENYERAPAN AIR KOMPOSIT HIBRID PLASTIK BEKAS KEMASAN GELAS BERPENGISI SERBUK SERAT AMPAS TEBU DAN SERBUK SERAT KACA Castiqliana, Silvia, Halimatuddahliana
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/jutek.v5i1.10815

A study on wasted polypropylene/modified bagasse fiber flour/E-type glass fiber flour with maleic anhydride-g-polypropylene addition hybrid composite was performed and its impact properties and water absorption ability was analyzed. Glass fiber flour and maleic anhydride-g-polypropylene compositions were made constant at 10 wt.% and 2 wt.% respectively, and modified bagasse fiber flour composition was varied from 10-40 wt.%. Surface modification on bagasse flour with 1% sodium hydroxide was also conducted. The composites were prepared in an extruder. The result showed that the maximum impact strength of 46,6 J/cm2 was obtained in addition of modified bagasse fiber flour of 30 wt.%. Impact strength result was also supported by Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis. Water absorption test showed that the increase of modified bagasse fiber flour content resulted to the increase of water absorbance and composites with maleic anhydride-g-polypropylene addition had lower ability to absorb water when compared to composite without maleic anhydride-g-polypropylene addition in the same fillers content.

PEMBUATAN GLISEROL TRIBENZOAT DENGAN PROSES ESTERIFIKASI MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS H-ZEOLIT TERAKTIVASI OLEH ASAM KLORIDA DAN ASAM SULFAT Mutiara Valentina M, Ekelesia Martina, Zuhrina Masyithah
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Sumatera Utara

Esterification is one method that is often used in converting glycerol. Glycerol tribenzoate is a derivative product of glycerol which used as a plasticizer for polymer industry, food additives, water repellent material on printer ink, and many more. This research aims to study the making of glycerol tribenzoate through esterification process by using natural zeolit catalyst which is activated with hydrochloric acid, in order to obtain the optimum catalyst % weight (w/w glycerol), and also to see the potential of recycling the zeolit. Zeolit is activated by 4M for 6 hours, and then calcined in the furnace at 500 oC for 5 hours. Then continued to esterification process, glycerol 90% reacted with benzoic acid which dissolved in metanol, with mole ratio of benzoic acid and glycerol at 3,5:1, reaction temperature at 65 oC, and the stirrer speed of 200 rpm, the catalyst % weight is varied at 5 %, 6%, 7%, and 8%, and catalyst recycling is performed 3 times. FTIR characterization result a close match, shows that the product is glycerol tribenzoate. The highest yield of zeolite which activated by HCl is obtained at 6% catalyst % weight i.e 68,992%, while zeolite that activated by H2SO4 is obtained at 8% catalyst % weight i.e 69,678%, H- zeolit catalyst is still feasible to use up to 3 times recycling, with percent of yield reduction for each recycle is ≤ 8%.

OPTIMASI PROSES PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI ASAM LEMAK SAWIT DISTILAT (ALSD) DAN DIMETHYL CARBONATE (DMC) MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS NOVOZYM®435 William, Johan Senjaya, Taslim, Tjahjono Herawan, Meta Rivani
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Sumatera Utara

Biodiesel production has rapidly grown over the last decades, and it has attracted much attention in the market as fuel that promising substitute for petroleum diesel, because its physical and chemical properties and energy content are similar to those of petroleum diesel. The main problem in producing biodiesel is its high cost which could be reduced by use of less expensive feedstock. Therefore, in this work biodiesel is synthesized by enzymatic esterification from low quality feedstock which is unrefined and much cheaper than the refined oil, such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) with dialkyl carbonate using immobilized lipase (Novozym®435). Enzymatic process has certain advantages over the chemical process, as it is less energy intensive, allowing the esterification of glycerides with high free fatty acid contents (PFAD, 85-95% FFA) and no enzymatic activity loss. Methanol replaced by dialkyl carbonate, especially DMC due to esterification (methanolysis) is close to equilibrium reaction whereas using DMC the intermediate compound immediately decomposes to carbon dioxide and an alcohol, which have been investigated. Moreover, DMC are cheap, eco-friendly chemical, non-toxic properties and widely available. Factors affecting the reaction such as DMC to PFAD molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst concentration were systematically analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The optimal condition is using 6:1 molar ratio of DMC to PFAD at 60 oC, for a reaction time 3h in the presence 10wt% of catalyst (based on oil weight). The results showed that synthesis of biodiesel through enzymatic esterification using PFAD suitable for biodiesel production.

PEMBUATAN ASAM OKSALAT DARI PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis) DENGAN KALSIUM HIDROKSIDA Iloan Pandang H M, Yos Pawer Ambarita, Seri Maulina
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Sumatera Utara

Palm frond is the solid waste which is high in cellulose. Further processing of palm frond is capable of producing high quality product such as oxalic acid. The aim of this research was to obtain the effect of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) concentration and reaction time on the yield of oxalic acid produced with palm frond as raw material. This study was done with two steps. The first step was the preparation of palm frond until it was ready to be used. The second step was the conversion step which consists of fusion, filtration and crystallization. Oxalic acid produced was then analyzed with quantitative analysis of yield percentage and qualitative analysis using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and plat melting point apparatus. The result showed that the maximum yield of oxalic acid was achieved at Ca(OH)2 concentration of 3.5 N and reaction time of 60 minutes, the value was 6.07 % based on weight of palm frond. The qualitative analysis showed that the vibration of functional groups had approached the standard oxalic acid with the melting point was 106.2 oC.

EKSTRAKSI MINYAK DARI BIJI ALPUKAT (Persea Americana Mill) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT N-HEPTANA Atikah Risyad, Resi Levi Permadani, Siswarni MZ
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Sumatera Utara

Avocado production is quite high in Indonesia led to increased waste avocado seed. Avocado seeds have an oil content large enough to potentially be used as a source of vegetable oil. A commonly used solvent for the extraction process is hexane. However, hexane proved to have an alarming danger if it is used for the extraction of food ingredients, necessitating alternative solvents such as n-heptane. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of variable research on avocado seed oil extraction using n-heptane. The method used in this study is Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD) by varying the time of extraction, extraction temperature, avocado seed mass and volume of the solvent n-heptane. ANOVA with 95% confidence level (p <0.05) showed that the variables have a significant influence on the yield of avocado seed oil produced by the value of R2 = 94.24% at constant temperature and R2 = 93.95% at constant time. Characteristics of avocado seed oil is a orange color, density amounted to 0.71 g/ml, viscosity amounted to 0.43 cP, and FFA amounted to 2.76%. Analysis of fatty acid composition of avocado seed oil showed fatty acid component is predominantly polyunsaturated fatty acids as linoleic acid of 47.3531% (w/w), saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid amounted to 20.3439% (w/w), and monounsaturated fatty acids as oleic acid amounted to 15.8823% (w/w).

HIDROLISIS HASIL DELIGNIFIKASI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DALAM SISTEM CAIRAN IONIK CHOLINE CHLORIDE Gendish Yoricya, Shinta Aisyah Putri Dalimunthe, Renita Manurung, Nimpan Bangun
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/jutek.v5i1.11640

Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (TKKS) was the waste which has a fairly high content of lignocelluloses. Meanwhile, TKKS has not been utilize optimally. With a cellulose content of 45%-50%, TKKS then potentially be used as raw material for bioethanol. In the process of production bioethanol, delignification of lignocellulose the first phase was conducted to dissolve ligament between cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In this research, delignification process was carried out using NaOH in the ionic liquid system and without ionic liquids. The purpose of this research was to find out the highest content of cellulose which contained in the TKKS and to determine the hydrolysis of delignification results on palm empty fruit bunches and the best hydrolysis conditions was obtained at the hydrolysis process in the choline chloride ionic liquid system. Delignification process were performed using ionic liquids choline chloride (ChCl) in variety of cooking time with amount different ChCl. This research used TKKS powder cooked at a temperature 130 °C with a variety of cooking time 30, 60, and 90 minutes and the variation of ChCl 10%, 15% and 20% weight of TKKS. Delignification research results used ChCl obtained highest content of cellulose was 40,33%, hemicellulose 20,28%, and lignin 3,62% in cooking treatment 90 minutes and 15% ChCl. While delignification without ChCl obtained highest content of cellulose is 24,98%, hemicellulose 8,25%, and lignin 18,99% in cooking treatment 90 minutes. Delignification process using ChCl be able increase the degree of delignification as big as 61,45%. In the hydrolisis process, the main raw material used cellulose of delignification TKKS result, choline chloride, sulfatl acid, and distilled water. The hydrolysis stage in this research was carried out at temperature 105 0C, catalyst (H2SO4) 10% (w / w) cellulose, ChCl 10%, 15%, and 20% (w / w) cellulose and it was stirred at constant speed 120 rpm with reaction time of 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The result in the hydrolysis stage using ionic liquid obtained glucose. LUFF method analysis showed the maximum result of glucose 37.96% with the best conditions in reaction time 90 minutes and the amount of choline chloride 20%.

PEMANFAATAN FLAVONOID EKSTRAK DAUN KATUK (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr) SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN PADA MINYAK KELAPA Indah Cikita, Ika Herawati Hasibuan, Rosdanelli Hasibuan
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Sumatera Utara

In this research, the katuk leaves (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr) extracted for get flavonoid which used as antioxidant for the coconut oil. This research aims to determine the effect of the extraction time, the volume of the solvent, and the type of solvent for the yield and total flavonoid concentration of the katuk leaves extract and then to determine the effect of total flavonoid concentration and contact time the flavonoid of katuk leaves extract as antioxidants in coconut oil. The process used is extraction of katuk leaves used the solvent such as ethanol, n-heksana and etil asetat then extract will be analysed the yield and total flavonoid concentration of the katuk leaves extract. Then extract with the total flavonoid concentration 6,668%, 7,748% and 27,909% was used as a sample and contacted in the coconut oil with the contact time of 2, 4 and 6 days. Then, analysis is done of the coconut oil is the acid number, the iodine number and the peroxide number. The result obtained in this research is the best extraction time of 6 hours with solvent volume of 1250 ml with the best type of solvent is ethanol, the yield of extract is 0,243% and total flavonoid concentration is 27,909%. The total flavonoid concentration increasing cause a decrease the acid number, the iodine number increase and decrease the peroxide number which proved that katuk leaves extract can be used as antioxidants in the coconut oil with the best result is the total flavonoid concentration in 27,909% where the acid number is 0,962 mg KOH/g, the iodine number is 38,705 g I2/100 g and the peroxide number is 13,333 Meq/kg. The contact time of flavonoid in the coconut oil which increasing cause oil properties is getting worse but the results are better than the oil without the addition of extract.

PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN MASSA ECENG GONDOK DAN TEMPURUNG KELAPA SERTA KADAR PEREKAT TAPIOKA TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET Iriany, Meliza, Firman Abednego S. Sibarani, Irvan
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Sumatera Utara

The purpose of this research is to know the characteristics of briquettes including ash content, moisture content, volatile matter content, heating value, density, burning rate, tensile strength and to know the proper ratio of water hyacinth and coconut shell mixture under tapioca gluten variation. The ratios of water hyacinth and coconut shell in this research were 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 with variation of tapioca gluten 5%, 10%, and 15% of the raw materials. From this research, the ideal composition of briquette is obtain in a mixture of water hyacinth and coconut shell at a ratio of 1:4 with tapioca gluten 10%, ash content 9.718%, moisture content 1.374%, volatile matter content 14.814%, heating value 6,879.596 cal/g, density 0.983 g/cm3, burning rate 3.021 × 10-3 g/second and tensile strength 18.400 g/cm2.

PENGARUH KUALITAS BAHAN BAKU DAN RASIO UMPAN TERHADAP PELARUT PADA PROSES PEMURNIAN GARAM DENGAN METODE HIDROEKSTRAKSI BATCH Angela Martina, Judy Retti Witono, Ginajar Karya Pamungkas, Willy
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Sumatera Utara

Nowadays, Indonesia is still relying on the imported salt, especially from Australia to meet the domestic salt demand. Development of salt purification process is still ventured to improve the quality of the salt as well as the efficiency. In this research, salt purification process is done using the hydroextraction method, where the salt crystals are purified using the pure saturated salt solution in a beaker glass. Different classification of salt K1, K2, and K3 are used with F:S ratio is varied by 1:30; 1:35; 1:40; 1:45; and 1:50. The hydroectraction process is stirred at 50 rpm. The quality of the purified salt are determined based on analysis of the levels of NaCl, Ca2+, and Mg2+. The highest NaCl level, 98,89% obtained on the process using K2 salt with F:S ratio is 1:45.

ADSORPSI β-KAROTEN YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT (CRUDE PALM OIL) MENGGUNAKAN KARBON AKTIF Irvan, Olyvia Putri Wardhani, Nurul Aini, Iriany
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Sumatera Utara

Crude palm oil (CPO) is the richest natural source of carotenoids which gives the reddish-orange color in crude palm oil. The reddish color in unprocessed palm oil is disliked by consumer. This research is aimed to adsorb the β–carotene from the CPO using activated carbon, then the kinetics, isotherm models and thermodynamics data of the adsorption process were obtained. The main materials used in this research were CPO and activated carbon. The observed parameters were final concentration and the amounts of adsorbed β–carotene in activated carbon. The adsorption process was conducted by mixing the adsorbent with CPO with the variation of adsorbent: CPO (w/w) ratio = 1 : 3; 1 : 4; 1 : 5 and 1 : 6 with mixing speed 120 rpm and the temperature of 40, 50 and 60 oC. The sample of CPO and activated carbon was analyzed at every 2 minutes until the equilibrium was achieved. The final concentration of the unadsorbed β–carotene was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the more CPO used in the process, the lower the adsorption percentage. The higher the adsorption temperature, the higher adsorption percentage. Moreover, the maximum adsorption percentage was 95.108% obtained at ratio 1 : 3 and T = 60 oC. The adsorption isotherm model which fit with the β–carotene adsorption at T = 60 oC was Langmuir model with the correlation coefficient of 0.959. The adsorption kinetics model which fit with the β–carotene adsorption was the second order kinetics model with the correlation coefficient of 0.998. The value of free energy Gibbs (ΔG) = -24,482.484 ; -24,708.059 and -24,933.634 J/mol for each temperature respectively, value of entropy changes (ΔS) = 22.557 J/mol K, and value of enthalpy changes (ΔH) = -17,421.987 J/mol.

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