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Atom Indonesia Journal

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Published by Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

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Core Subject : Science,

Materials Science & Nanotechnology

Exist for publishing the results of research and development in nuclear science and technology Starting for 2010 Atom Indonesia published three times a year in April, August, and December The scope of this journal covers experimental and analytical research in all areas of nuclear science and technology. including nuclear physics, reactor physics, radioactive waste treatment, fuel element development, radioisotopes and radio pharmaceutical engineering, nuclear and radiation safety, neutron scattering, material science and technology, as well as utilization of isotopes and radiation in agriculture, industry, health and environment.

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Articles 452 Documents

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Determination of Magnet Specification of 13 MeV Proton Cyclotron Based on Opera 3D Taufik Taufik; A. Hermanto; P. Anggraita; S. Santosa
Atom Indonesia Vol 40, No 2 (2014): August 2014
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The magnet is one of the main components of a cyclotron, used to form a circular particle beam trajectories and to provide focusing of the beam. To support the mastery of 13-MeV proton cyclotron technologies, cyclotron magnet design must be done to satisfy cyclotron magnet requirements. This research was conducted by studying important parameters in designing the cyclotron magnet which is then used to determine the design requirements. The magnet design was based on the results of a 3D simulation using Opera 3D software. Opera 3D is a software developed by Cobham plc to solve physical problems in 3D such as magnetostatic using finite element methods. The simulation started by drawing a 3D model of the magnet using a modeler, followed by magnetic field calculations by Tosca module in the Opera 3D software. Simulation results were analyzed with the Genspeo software to determine whether the parameters of the cyclotron magnet have met design requirements. The results indicate that the magnet design satisfied the cyclotron magnet design requirement, that B in the median plane of the magnetic pole approached the isochronous curve, providing axial and radial focusing beam, crossing the resonance line at vr = 1 when the particle energy is low and the particle energy is more than 13 MeV, and lead to small enough phase shift of about 13°. The dimension of the cyclotron magnet is 1.96 m × 1.30 m × 1.21 m; its weight is 17.3 ton; its coil current is 88,024 ampere-turn; its center magnetic field is 1.27479 T; its maximum magnetic field is 1.942116 T; its minimum magnetic field is 0.7689 T; its valley gap is 120 mm; its hill gaps are 40 to 50.78 mm; and its hill angles are 35° to 44°.to 44° Received: 03 March 2014; Revised: 22 May 2014; Accepted: 30 May 2014

A Bayesian Network Approach to Estimating Software Reliability of RSG-GAS Reactor Protection System S. Santoso; S. Bakhri; J. Situmorang
Atom Indonesia Vol 45, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Reliability represents one of the most important attributes of software quality. Assessing the reliability of software embedded in the safety of highlycritical systems is essential. Unfortunately, there are many factors influencing software reliability that cannot be measured directly. Furthermore, the existing models and approaches for assessing software reliability have assumptions and limitations which are not directly acceptable for all systems, such as reactor protection systems. This paper presents the result of a study which aims to conduct quantitative assessment of the software reliability at the reactor protection system (RPS) of RSG-GAS based on software development life cycle. A Bayesian network (BN) is applied in this research and used to predict the software defect in the operation which represents the software reliability. The availability of operation failure data, characteristics of the RPS components and their operation features, prior knowledge on the software development and system reliability, as well as relevant finding from references were considered in the assessment and the construction of nodes on causal network model. The structure of causal model consists of eight nodes including design quality, problem complexity, and defect inserted in the software. The calculation result using Agenarisk software revealed that software defect in the operation of RPS follows binomial statistic distribution with the mean of 1.393. This number indicated the high software maturity level and high capability of the organization. The improvement of software defect concentration range on the posterior distribution compared with the prior’s is also identified. The result achieved is valuable for furtherreliability estimation by introducingnew evidence and experience data, and by setting up an appropriate plan in order to enhance software reliability in the RPS.

Feasibility of Thorium Fuel Cycles in a Very High Temperature Pebble-Bed Hybrid System L.P. Rodriguez; D. Milian; C.R. García; D.E. Milian; C.A. Brayner; M. Cadavid
Atom Indonesia Vol 41, No 2 (2015): August 2015
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Nuclear energy presents key challenges to be successful as a sustainable energy source. Currently, the viability of the use thorium-based fuel cycles in an innovative nuclear energy generation system is being investigated in order to solve these key challenges. In this work, the feasibility of three thorium-based fuel cycles (232Th-233U, 232Th-239Pu, and 232Th-U) in a hybrid system formed by a Very High Temperature Pebble-Bed Reactor (VHTR) and two Pebble-Bed Accelerator Driven Systems (ADSs) was evaluated using parameters related to the neutronic behavior such as nuclear fuel breeding, minor actinide stockpile, the energetic contribution of each ﬁssile isotope, and the radiotoxicity of the long lived wastes. These parameters were used to compare the fuel cycles using the well-known MCNPX ver. 2.6e computational code. The results obtained confirm that the 232Th-233U fuel cycle is the best cycle for minimizing the production of plutonium isotopes and minor actinides. Moreover, the inclusion of the second stage in the ADSs demonstrated the possibility of extending the burnup cycle duration and reducing the radiotoxicity of the discharged fuel from the VHTR.Received: 09 February 2015; Revised: 12 May 2015; Accepted: 20 May 2015

Cover Atom Indonesia Vol 45 No 2 cvr cvr
Atom Indonesia Vol 45, No 2 (2019): August 2019
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Profile of MIBI Liquid Phase Radiopharmaceutical for Myocardial Imaging I. Daruwati; M.E. Sriyani; N.K. Oekar; A. Hanafiah; N. Zainuddin
Atom Indonesia Vol 42, No 1 (2016): April 2016
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The 99mTc-MIBI radiopharmaceutical has been used innuclear medicine in Indonesia for myocardial imaging. BATAN researchers have mastered the technology to manufacture MIBI as a liophylized kit. A reformulation of MIBI radiopharmaceutical has been conducted to improve the stability of the kit especially in the liquid-phase kit. Basically, radiopharmaceuticals in liquid form are not different from the dry kit. However in the manufacturing of liquid-phase kit, lyophilization process was not done. To improve the stability of liquid kit, a reformulation of the components was conducted by using two separate vials (Formulation 2) and the characteristics were compared with the one-vial formulation (Formulation 1). The MIBI Formulation 2 consists of two vials, vial A containing 0.06 mg of SnCl2 2H2O and 2.6 mg Sodium Citrate 2H2O and vial B containing 0.5 mg of [Cu(MIBI)4]BF4, 1 mg of cysteine hydrochloride, and 20 mg of mannitol.The purposes of this study wereto determine the stability of two different formulations of MIBI as a liquid-phase kit, to compare their stability in different storage condition such as in refrigerator and freezer, and to compare the ratio of activities attained between target and nontarget organs after injection to animal model. As a diagnostic agent, MIBI was reconstituted with Technetium-99m as radionuclide tracer to 99mTc-MIBI labeled compound. The radiochemical purity of 99mTc-MIBI was determined by chromatography method using alumina thin-layer chromatography paper as the stationary phase and ethanol 95% as the mobile phase. The results showed MIBI Formulation 2 has a higher stability than Formulation 1. Formulation 2 also maintained a 96.68% radiochemical purity under 52-day storage and attained a target-to-nontarget activity ratio of 8.22.Received: 04 October 2014; Revised: 10 November 2015; Accepted: 25 November 2015

Radiomitigative Effects of Approved Hematopoietic Drugs on Mice Exposed to Lethal Total-body Irradiation T. Nishida; M. Yamaguchi; S. Miura; K. Waga; N. Kawabata; M. Syaifudin; I. Kashiwakura
Atom Indonesia Vol 46, No 1 (2020): April 2020
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

In cases of radiological accidents, especially for victims exposed to high-dose total-body irradiation (TBI), the administration of appropriate approved hematopoietic drugs is the most rapid medical treatment for preventing severe acute radiation syndrome, which is associated with a high mortality rate. However, at present, there are few suitable pharmaceutical drugs available in Japan, aside from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Depending on the situation surrounding the accident, various drug treatment options and the development of effective drug therapies may be required. In the present study, we assessed various combinations of seven commercially available drugs-G-CSF, erythropoietin (EPO), romiplostim (RP), ancer (AN), cepharanthine (CE), leucon (LC) and leukoprol (LP)-in mice exposed to a lethal dose of 7 or 8 Gy of X-ray irradiation. Each drug was administered as a single or mixed intraperitoneal injection once or twice daily for three consecutive days. The single administration of the approved hematopoietic drugs CE, LC, or LP twice a day for 3 days significantly improved the 30-day survival rate of lethal TBI mice (p < 0.05; 75%, 100%, or 100%, respectively) compared with the untreated TBI mice, accompanied by a gradual increase in the body weight. Furthermore, the combined administration of RP, EPO and G-CSF or single administration of RP alone gradually increased the body weight of mice exposed to lethal TBI, with 30-day survival rates of 75% or 100%, respectively (p < 0.05). This study suggested that some new domestically approved hematopoietic drugs may have radiomitigative potential for mice exposed to lethal TBI, and the 12-h interval administration of LC or LP for 3 days to 7-Gy-TBI mice and 12-h interval administration of RP alone for 3 days to 8-Gy-TBI mice were the most suitable medications with respect to the 30-day survival rate. As long as the threat of nuclear disaster exists, diverse efforts in thefield of radiation emergency medicine, including the development of effective drug therapies, will be necessary.

Preface Atom Indonesia Vol 42 No 1 cover1 cover1
Atom Indonesia Vol 42, No 1 (2016): April 2016
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Determination of Reactivity and Neutron Flux Using Modified Neural Network for HTGR M. Subekti; K. Kudo; K. Nabeshima; K. Takamatsu
Atom Indonesia Vol 43, No 2 (2017): August 2017
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Nuclear kinetic calculations based on point kinetic model have been generally applied as the standard method for neutronics codes. As the central control rod (C-CR) withdrawal test has demonstrated in a prismatic core type high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) named High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR), the transient calculation of kinetic parameter, reactivity, and neutron fluxes, requires a new method to shorten calculation-process time. Development of neural network method was applied to point kinetic model as the necessity of real-time calculation that could work in parallel with the digital reactivity meter. The combination of Time Delayed Neural Network (TDNN) and Jordan Recurrent Neural Network (Jordan RNN) named TD-Jordan RNN was the result of the modeling approach. The application of TD-Jordan RNN with adequate learning, tested offline, determined results accurately even when signal inputs were noisy. Furthermore, the preprocessing for neural network input utilized noise reduction as one of the equations to transform two of twelve time-delayed inputs into power corrected inputs.

Acknowledgement Atom Indonesia Vol 43 No 3 ack ack
Atom Indonesia Vol 43, No 3 (2017): December 2017
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Determination of the Dosimetric Characteristics of BATAN’s 125I Source for Brachytherapy: An Experimental Study K.Y.P. Sandy; S.A. Pawiro; D.S. Soejoko
Atom Indonesia Vol 44, No 2 (2018): August 2018
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

125I brachytherapysources withlowphotonenergies have beenwidelyusedin treatingtumors.Accordingto American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group No. 43 (AAPMTG-43)recommendations,dosimetric characteristic ofthe newbrachytherapysources shouldbe determined before clinical use.Inthis study, dosimetric characteristic of 125Imanufacturedby BATAN have been determined through measurement by using Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD) andgafchromic XR- QA2film.The radial dosefunctionmeasurements were performedat distances rangingfrom0.5to10cmfromthe source center.The anisotropyfunctions were measuredat distances of2,3,and5cmfromthe source center forangles ranging from0to 90degree inallquadrants.The results indicated that a doserate constants measured with TLD and film are 1.05± 8 % cGy.h-1.U-1and1.01±8 % cGy.h-1.U-1, respectively.The radial dosefunctiondecreasesalongwith the increasingdistance from source andmeetsthe 5thorderpolynomial equation. The anisotropyfunction resultshows thattheanisotropyindosedistributionincreasesalongthe source axis.Thismeasurement data areinagreementwith the previousstudy on EGSnrc Monte Carloresult andhave a similar patternwithIsoAidandGMS BT-125 commercial125Isource.

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