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Atom Indonesia Journal

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Published by Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

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Materials Science & Nanotechnology

Exist for publishing the results of research and development in nuclear science and technology Starting for 2010 Atom Indonesia published three times a year in April, August, and December The scope of this journal covers experimental and analytical research in all areas of nuclear science and technology. including nuclear physics, reactor physics, radioactive waste treatment, fuel element development, radioisotopes and radio pharmaceutical engineering, nuclear and radiation safety, neutron scattering, material science and technology, as well as utilization of isotopes and radiation in agriculture, industry, health and environment.

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Articles 452 Documents

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The Effects of External Magnetic Field on the Physical Properties of La0.41Ca0.59Mn1-xCuxO3 with x = 0.06 and 0.15 in the Temperature Range of 100 – 300 K Y.E. Gunanto; W.A. Adi; B. Kurniawan; A. Purwanto; T. Ono; H. Tanaka; E. Steven
Atom Indonesia Vol 45, No 2 (2019): August 2019
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

This work investigated the crystal structure, resistivity and specific heat of La0.41Ca0.59Mn1-xCuxO3 with x = 0.06 and 0.15. The samples were prepared by a solid reaction method and in milling with high energy milling (HEM) of 700 rpm for ten hours. Neutron scattering with high resolution powder diffraction (HRPD) is used to analyze the phase and crystal structure. For resistivity analysis, four point probes are used, and SQUID Quantum Design is used for specific heat analysis in temperatures range of 100 - 300 K. In all cases, the sample has an orthorhombic crystal structure with a space group Pnma. The influence of a magnetic field on the specific heat and resistivity is also determined as a function of temperature. The resistivity increases in the presence of an external magnetic field. At the temperature less than 184 K, the resisitivity follows the Arhenius model (ln R varies as 1/T0.25) while at higher temperatures it fits the metal-semiconductor model (ln R varies as 1/T). The electronic specific heat parameter γ varies with magnetic field at x = 0.06, but not at x = 0.15.

Preparation of 99mTc-Kanamycin Using a Direct Labeling Method E.M. Widyasari; M.E. Sriyani; T.H.A. Wibawa; W. Nuraeni
Atom Indonesia Vol 41, No 3 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Infectious diseases are still the leading cause of death in the world. The accurate technique for early detection and determination of the exact location of infection in the body is still needed. Nuclear techniques are capable for this purpose while other techniques such as MRI, USG and CT-SCAN sometimes cannot be applied. 99mTc-kanamycin radiopharmaceutical is complex of kanamycin and technetium-99m radionuclide, was used for bacterial detection of infection. The labeling studies of 99mTc-kanamycin has been carried out by the indirect labeling method using pyrophosphate as a co-ligand with the results of labeling efficiency above 95%. However, the presence of radiochemical impurities in the form of 99mTc-pyrophosphate in the indirect labeling have to be considered which may interfere the imaging result. This study aimed to determine the optimum labeling conditions of 99mTc-kanamycin by direct labeling method. Kanamycin was successfully labeled with technetium-99m through direct labeling method. The labeling efficiency was determined by ascending paper chromatography using Whatman 3 paper as the stationary phase, and acetone as the mobile phase to separate the radiochemical impurities in the form of 99mTc-pertechnetate. While impurities in the form of 99mTc-reduced were separated using the stationary phase ITLC-SG and 0.5 N NaOH as mobile phase. The experiment result showed that the optimum labeling conditions obtained by using 5 mg kanamycin, 30 µg SnCl2.2H2O, and pH of labeling was 9. The incubation time of labeling was 30 min at room temperature, provided labeling efficiency of 92.31 ± 1.74 %.The successful of kanamycin labeling with high efficiency makes 99mTc-kanamycin can potentially be used as a radiopharmaceutical for the early detection of infectious diseasesReceived: 04 October 2014; Revised: 28 June 2015; Accepted: 11 August 2015

The Absolute Standardization Methods of 32P for Calibrate Nuclear Medicine Instruments in Indonesia G. Wurdiyanto; H. Candra; H Holnisar; V. Pungkun
Atom Indonesia Vol 45, No 3 (2019): December 2019
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17146/aij.2019.905

The absolute standardization of 32P radioactive sources employedto calibrate nuclear medicine instruments has been conductedat PTKMR-BATAN. We deemed this activity to be necessarysince 32P used in the nuclear medicine fields has a short half-life, and in order to obtain a result of quality measurement, it requires a special treatment. Moreover, in Indonesia, the use of nuclear medicine techniques has developed rapidly. We prepared all the radioactive sources witha gravimetric method by using a KERN ABT 220-5DMsemi-micro type scale, traceable to the International Unit System. We conductedthe 32P standardization by employing a 4πβ(PS)-γ coincidence method with 60Co as a tracer;meanwhile, we conducted the impurity measurementby employing a beta spectrometer system. The result of 32P absolute measurement was 380.05 Bq/mg with a 0.68-percentrange uncertainty, witha k=2coverage factor. This value was used to calibrate a “Capintec CRC-7BT”dose calibrator that was a secondary standard instrument in PTKMR-BATAN. The results showed us that the calibration factor of the “Capintec CRC-7BT” dose calibrator was 1.12 witha 4.7-percent uncertainty.

Performance Analysis of AP1000 Passive Systems during Direct Vessel Injection (DVI) Line Break A.S. Ekariansyah; S. Widodo
Atom Indonesia Vol 42, No 2 (2016): August 2016
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Generation II Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) have a design weakness as shown by the Fukushima accident. Therefore, Generation III+ NPPs are developed with focus on improvements of fuel technology and thermal efficiency, standardized design, and the use of passive safety system. One type of Generation III+ NPP is the AP1000 that is a pressurized water reactor (PWR) type that has received the final design acceptance from US-NRC and is already under construction at several sites in China as of 2015. The aim of this study is to investigate the behavior and performance of the passive safety system in the AP1000 and to verify the safety margin during the direct vessel injection (DVI) line break as selected event. This event was simulated using RELAP5/SCDAP/Mod3.4 as a best-estimate code developed for transient simulation of light water reactors during postulated accidents. This event is also described in the AP1000 design control document as one of several postulated accidents simulated using the NOTRUMP code. The results obtained from RELAP5 calculation was then compared with the results of simulations using the NOTRUMP code. The results show relatively good agreements in terms of time sequences and characteristics of some injected flow from the passive safety system. The simulation results show that the break of one of the two available DVI lines can be mitigated by the injected coolant flowing, which is operated effectively by gravity and density difference in the cooling system and does not lead to core uncovery. Despite the substantial effort to obtain an apropriate AP1000 model due to lack of detailed geometrical data, the present model can be used as a platform model for other initiating event considered in the AP1000 accident analysis.Received: 2 November 2015; Revised: 19 April 2016; Accepted: 25 April 2016

Effect of Garlic, Stinky Bean, Dogfruit, Tomato Extracts, and N-acetylcysteine on Rats after 5 Gy Irradiation T. Kisnanto; I. Kurnia; M. Sadikin
Atom Indonesia Vol 46, No 1 (2020): April 2020
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals is the most important effect of radiation exposure on biological systems. Several studies have shown that several vegetables are proven to have beneficial effects to protect the body from free radical attacks. This current study was focused on exploring the capability of extracts of garlic, stinky bean, dog fruit, and tomato, as well as N-acetylcystein (NAC), in counteracting free radicals induced by gamma irradiation with a dose of 5 Gy. Seven treatments on male rat were as follow: A (control), B (5 Gy), C (garlic + 5 Gy), D (stinky bean + 5 Gy), E (dogfruit + 5 Gy), F (tomato + 5 Gy) andG (NAC + 5 Gy). The rats were irradiated 8 days after the supplement had been given. Detection of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was done by biochemical assays, and γ-H2AX foci were counted by immunofluorescence assay to the lymphocytes and plasma samples. The results showed that gamma irradiation with a dose of 5 Gy caused increases in the level of MDA, 8-OHdG, and γ-H2AX foci while decreases were recorded in the level of GSH, GPx, and CAT (p < 0.05). The treatment of garlic, dogfruit, and tomato extracts and NAC reduced free radicals significantly. In conclusion, the tomato has the best ability to overcome free radicals due to gamma irradiation among the treatments inthe experiment.

Preparation and Characterization of Zirconia Nanomaterial as a Molybdenum-99 Adsorbent M Marlina; E. Sarmini; H Herlina; S Sriyono; I. Saptiama; H. Setiawan; K Kadarisman
Atom Indonesia Vol 43, No 1 (2017): April 2017
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The present study deals with the synthesis and characterization of ZrO2 nanomaterial which can be used as an adsorbent for Molybdenum-99 (99Mo). The adsorbent can potentially be utilized as the material for 99Mo/99mTc generator column. Using the sol-gel method, monoclinic nanocrystalline zirconia was synthesized from zirconium oxychloride in isopropyl alcohol reacted with ammonium hydroxide solution in isopropyl alcohol resulting in a white gel. The gel was subsequently refluxed for 12 hours at ~95°C and pH at ~4 and then dried at 100°C. The drying gel was then calcined at 600°C for two hours. Meanwhile the orthorhombic nanocrystalline zirconia was obtained by reacting zirconium oxychloride solution with 2.5 M ammonium hydroxide solution which resulted in a white gel. The gel was then refluxed for 24 hours at ~95°C and pH at ~11 and then dried at 100°C. The drying gel was then calcined at 600°C for two hours. These materials were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The Scherrer method is used for determination of crystallite size. The FT-IR spectra for both materials show absorption peak at 450-500 cm-1 which are attributed to Zr-O bond. The XRD pattern of monoclinic nanocrystalline form shows crystalline peaks at 2θ regions of 28.37°, 31.65°, 34°, 36°, and 50.3° with average crystallite size of 2.68 nm. Meanwhile, the XRD pattern of orthorhombic nanocrystalline form shows crystalline peaks at 2θ regions of 30°, 35°, 50°, and 60° with average crystallite size of 0.98 nm. The TEM micrograph indicates that the zirconia nanomaterials prepared were quite uniform in size and shape.Received: 12 November 2015; Revised: 9 September 2016; Accepted: 20 September 2016

Acknowledgement Atom Indonesia Vol 43 No 1 cover cover
Atom Indonesia Vol 43, No 1 (2017): April 2017
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Assessment of Heavy Metals on Occupationally Exposed Workers from Hair Analysis E. Damastuti; N. Adventini; W.Y.N. Syahfitri; S. Kurniawati; D.D. Lestiani; M. Santoso
Atom Indonesia Vol 43, No 3 (2017): December 2017
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The use of human hair as a tool in assessing changes and abnormalities in human bodies has been increasing for last decades since it may reflect the health status or environmental condition of habitation or working place of individuals as well as population groups. Compared to other body tissue or fluids, hair provides an ease of elemental analysis especially in reflecting the long-term exposure. This research was conducted to determine the elemental content especially heavy metals, since they are bioaccumulated in human body organs and impact human health, in hair of workshop workers and traffic services officers as exposed groups and its comparison with control group and references data for assessing of occupational exposure. Thirty-five automotive workshop workers and 32 traffic services officers’ hair specimens were collected in Bandung, while hair specimens of the control group were collected from 43 healthy individuals. The elemental concentrations in hair specimen were analyzed using neutron activation analysis (NAA) for mercury and chromium, and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for lead and arsenic. The accuracy of the method was evaluated using GBW 07601 human hair certified reference material (CRM) and it was found to give good results in accordance with the certificate values. It was found that chromium, lead, and arsenic hair concentration in exposed groups (0.88, 10.7, and 0.051 mg/kg, respectively) were higher than in control group (0.27, 4.52, and 0.045 mg/kg, respectively), while mercury hair concentration of traffic services officers were higher than control group but mercury hair concentration of automotive workshop workers were lower than in control group (1.41 mg/kg). The t-test statistical results shown that mercury concentrations in one exposed group did not differ significantly from the control, but other exposed groups showed otherwise. The level of mercury in hair is strongly attributed not only to environmental exposure, but also to lifestyle and dietary habits, while t-test statistical results ofchromiumand lead differ significantly with p value < 0.05. These results indicate that heavy metal hair concentrations were well quantified to show the abnormalities of elemental concentration in human hair for evaluating the occupational exposure.

Cover Atom Indonesia Vol 44 No 1 cover cover
Atom Indonesia Vol 44, No 1 (2018): April 2018
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

A Novel Technique for Removal of High Density White Spot Noise from Digital Neutron Radiographic Images A. Hindasyah; D. Sudiana; D. Gunawan
Atom Indonesia Vol 44, No 3 (2018): December 2018
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17146/aij.2018.846

This paper proposes a novel technique of adaptive switching alternative median (ASAM) filter for high-density white spot noise removal. The ASAM filter is composed of two blocks filtering, namely main and secondary block filtering, respectively. The proposed secondary block filtering is a new technique in high-density impulse noise removal and the main contribution of this research. The ASAM algorithm was tested on the standard 8-bit gray-scale, 512×512 pixel Lena image and a real neutron radiographic image. The results showed significant reduction of white spot noise in both types of images through visual inspection. To measure the performance of noise removal in simulation test we measured the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM) index, and denoising time, and in real application tests we measured signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). From the experiments of simulation test, at the highest level noise of 95 % the obtained PSNR and SSIM are 23.584 dB and 0.696 respectively. These are higher than the results of other algorithms that are 16.697 dB and 0.475, respectively, for DBA, 16.696 dB and 0.408 for NAFSM, and 18.860 dB and 0.568 for NASNLM. The denoising times for DBA, NAFSM, NASNLM, and ASAM were obtained as 6.469 s, 5.186 s, 36.735 s, and 5.197 s respectively. From the experiments of real application test we obtained the SNR for DBA, NAFSM, NASNLM, and ASAM as 32.42 dB, 6.01 dB, 18.77 dB, and 32.96 dB, respectively. In general, these results show that ASAM filter is superior to the existing filtering methods. The ASAM filter improved the image restoration quality, especially in removing the high-density white spot noise, and was able to yield good filtering result which exhibits better PSNR, SSIM, denoising time, and qualitative visual inspection.

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