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Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal)
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 19077505     EISSN : 24600601     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/kesmas
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Public Health
The focus of Kesmas is on public health as discipline and practices related to preventive and promotive measures to enhance the public health through a scientific approach applying a variety of technique. This focus includes areas and scopes such as Biostatistics, Environmental Public Health, Epidemiology, Health Policy, Health Services Research, Nutrition, Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Public Health, Public Health Education and Promotion, Women Health.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Epidemilogi
Articles 6 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 2, No. 1" : 6 Documents clear
Pengaruh Iklim terhadap Kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue Sintorini, Margareta Maria
Kesmas Vol. 2, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Penyakit demam berdarah dengue (DBD) telah menjadi penyakit endemik di kota-kota besar di Indonesia. Ramalan Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tahun 1996 menyebutkan insidens DBD di Indonesia dapat meningkat tiga kali lipat pada tahun 2070. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membuat model dinamika sistem dengan analisis ekologi untuk mengetahui dinamika kejadian DBD dalam kaitan dengan pola variablitas iklim di DKI Jakarta. Rancangan penelitian digunakan adalah ecologic study dengan uji hipotesis, permodelan, simulasi, dan intervensi. Wawancara terhadap 844 responden untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku (PSP) masyarakat. Pengukuran faktor iklim meliputi curah hujan, suhu, kelembaban, intensitas cahaya, dan kadar CO2. Aspek vektor yang diukur adalah angka hinggap per jam nyamuk Aedes (AHJ) dan nyamuk istirahat per rumah (NIR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kasus DBD dipengaruhi curah hujan (p:0,000..), suhu lingkungan (p:0,000..), kelembaban ruang (p:0,003), kelembaban lingkungan (p:0,000..), AHJ Aedes (p:0,016), NIR Aedes (p:0,000..) dan pengetahuan masyarakat (p:0,008). Disimpulkan, faktor iklim yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kasus DBD adalah curah hujan, suhu dan kelembaban serta pengetahuan masyarakat yang rendah. Sedangkan AHJ Aedes dapat dijadikan indikator kenaikan kasus DBD. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has become endemic in many big cities in Indonesia. It was predicted by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, that in 1996 the DHF in Indonesia in 2070 would be tripled. The objective of this research is to make a system dynamic model using ecological analysis to identify the dynamic of DHF cases related to the pattern of the climate variability in Jakarta. This research uses the design of ecological study with hypothesis testing, modeling, simulation, and intervention. Respondents of 844 households were interviewed to explore their knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding DHF using a standard questionnaire. Precipitation, humidity, light intensity and CO2 concentration were determined per week. AHJ (Man Landing Rate) and NIR (resting habit) were determined for Aedes population density. The results indicate that the DHF cases all are influenced by precipitation (0.000), temperature ambient (0.000), indoor humidity (0.003), outdoor humidity (0.000), AHJ (0.016), NIR (0.000), and knowledge (0.008). The most influencial climate factor to the DHF cases are precipitation, temperature, humidity and the low level of the community knowledge.
Determinan Penyalahgunaan Narkoba pada Pekerja Pengunjung Tempat Hiburan Bar, Arvida
Kesmas Vol. 2, No. 1
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Abstract

Angka penyalahgunaan narkoba di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun makin meningkat, Sampai kini tercatat 1,5% atau 3,2 juta penduduk Indonesia merupakan pengguna narkoba. Penyalahguna narkoba terbesar berdasarkan pekerjaan adalah wiraswasta dan pengangguran. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penyalahgunaan narkoba pada pekerja. Desain pada penelitian ini adalah krosseksional dengan sumber data sekunder survei BPS tahun 2004. Besar sample adalah 8000 pekerja yang berkunjung ke tempat hiburan di Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, Semarang, Yogjakarta, Palembang, Balikpapan, Kendari, Manado, Makasar, Jambi, Bengkulu, Palangkaraya dan Mataram yang dipilih di tempat hiburan secara konsekutif. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan 26,39% pekerja yang menjadi penyalahguna narkoba, dengan rincian 14,86% pekerja pernah menggunakan narkoba, sedangkan 11,53% merupakan penyalahguna selama kurang lebih setahun. Hasil analisis regresi logistik multinomial diperoleh faktor yang berhubungan dengan penyalahgunaan narkoba pada pekerja pengunjung tempat hiburan adalah usia, pendidikan terakhir, perilaku merokok, pendapatan, ketaatan dalam keluarga, kesibukan di tempat kerja, status perkawinan. Terdapat interaksi antara merokok dan ketaatan dalam keluarga. Penyalahgunaan narkoba semakin banyak pada usia dewasa muda, pendidikan yang makin tinggi, pendapatan yang makin tinggi, ketaatan beribadah dan pada keluarga yang makin rendah tempat kerja yang makin sibuk, dan kebiasaan merokok, pekerja berkeluarga berisiko lebih rendah. The figure of drug abuse in Indonesia is increasing every year. It is recorded that the percentage of drug user in Indonesia is 1.5% or 3.2 million people. Based on employment types, most drug users are those working in private sectors and unemployed persons. This study is conducted in order to understand factors related to drug abuse among workers. Design of this study is cross sectional with secondary data from BPS Survey in 2004. Number of sample was 8000 workers visited entertainment places in Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, semarang, Yogyakarta, Palembang, Balikpapan, Kendari, Menado, Makassar, Jambi, Bengkulu, Palangkaraya, and Mataram. The results show that there were 26.39% workers was drug users where 14.86% had ever tried to to consume drug and 11.53% had been using drug for around a year. The multinomial logistic regression analysis shows that factors most related to drug abuse among workers who visited night entertainment places are age, latest education, smoking behaviour, income, obedience in fasmily, working load at working place, and marital status. There is interaction between smoking behaviour and obedience in the family. Those with higher risk are younger age, higher education, higher income, low family obedience, high work load, have smoking habit, and not married.
Kehamilan dan Kejadian Malaria di Puskesmas Way Muli, Lampung Selatan Ismen, Ismen
Kesmas Vol. 2, No. 1
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Abstract

Kelompok yang paling rentan terhadap malaria adalah wanita hamil dengan berbagai akibat terhadap ibu dan janin yang dikandungnya. Di Indonesia, penelit- ian tentang hubungan kehamilan dengan kejadian malaria masih sangat jarang dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara kehamilan dengan kejadian malaria. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus control dengan sumber data proner di populasi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Way Muli Kecamatan Rajabasa, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan, Provinsi Lampung. Populasi studi adalah wanita usia 15 – 49 tahun yang datang pada saat penelit- ian pada periode November sampai dengan Desember 2006. Pengumpulan data dengan cara wawancara dan pengambilan sediaan darah. Hasil pemerik- saan sediaan darah yang positif dijadikan sebagai kasus, kontrol dipilih secara acak dari hasil pemeriksaan darah yang negatif. Didapatkan 181 kasus dengan 40 orang (22,1%) wanita hamil. Penelitian ini menemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara kehamilan dengan kejadian malaria. Wanita hamil lebih berisiko terkena malaria 2,66 kali daripada wanita tidak hamil (OR 2,66; CI 95% 1,38 - 5,13) setelah dikontrol dengan umur, status gizi, graviditas, paritas, pemakaian kelambu, aktifitas keluar rumah malam hari, dan pemakaian obat anti nyamuk. Wanita hamil perlu mendapat prioritas dalam upaya pemberantasan malaria dan pedonam penatalaksanaan malaria ibu hamil di daerah endemis malaria. Ibu hamil yang yang melakukan pemeriksaan ante natal care perlu mendapat penyuluhan malaria. Pregnant woman is population group most susceptible to malaria and both mother and her foetus suffered varied negative impacts of malaria. In Indonesia, study on pregnancy and malaria is rarely conducted. The aim of this study is to understand the relationship between pregnancy and malaria. This study employed case-control study design using primary data in population living in working area of Way Muli Community Health Center, Rajabasa Subdistrict, South Lampung District, Lampung Province. The study population is women 15 – 49 years old of age who attend to health center within November to December 2006 period. The data were collected through interview and blood laboratory test. Cases are women who have positive results of blood laboratory test and controls were selected randomly from women with negative result. There were 40 pregnant women (22.1%) among 181 cases. The sudy showed significant relationship between pregnancy and malaria. Pregnant women have 2.7 times higher risk of malaria compared to that of non pregnant woment (OR 2.66; CI 95% 1.38 – 5.13) after controlling for the age, nutritional status, parity, mosquito net use, night out door activity, and anti mosquito use. Pregnant women should be prioritized in malaria prevention programs and in management of malaria in endemic areas. Pregnant women who get ANC should also receive education on malaria.
Pola Komunikasi dan Informasi Kesehatan Reproduksi antara Ayah dan Remaja Ekasari, Farida
Kesmas Vol. 2, No. 1
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Abstract

Masa remaja adalah masa peralihan dari masa anak-anak menuju masa dewasa yang dialami dengan berbagai perubahan fisik dan psikologis. Para remaja berkeinginan kuat untuk mengetahui berbagai perubahan yang terjadi pada diri mereka. Informasi yang diharapkan berasal dari ayah dan ibu tersebut sampai kini masih rendah. Remaja putri yang berdiskusi tentang kesehatan reproduksi dengan orang tuanya 49%, sedangkan remaja putra hanya 13%. Penelitian kuantitatif dengan disain studi cross sectional ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Soreang dan Banjaran, Kabupaten Bandung dengan subyek penelitian adalah ayah yang mempunyai anak remaja benisia 10-19 tahun. Variabel yang diteliti meliputi faktor predisposisi, faktor pemungkin dan faktor penguat. Faktor predisposisi meliputi status pekerjaan ayah, status bekerja ibu, pendidikan ayah, jenis kelamin anak dan pengetahuan kesehatan reproduksi. Faktor pemungkin meliputi waktu kumpul ayah dan anak, pajanan dan media informasi. Faktor penguat meliputi dukungan keluarga dan masyarakat. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa 51 % responden memperlihatkan pola komunikasi dan pemberian informasi yang kurang. Pada analisis multivariat ditemukan variabel independen yang berhubungan secara bermakna adalah waktu kumpul, dukungan keluarga dan masyarakat. Berdasarkan basil penelitian ini, dilakukan upaya promosi dan sosialisasi kepada ayah dan masyarakat tentang komunikasi dan pemberian informasi kesehatan reproduksi pada anak remaja. Untuk itu, perlu sosialisasi dan informasi tentang cara komunikasi kesehatan reproduksi yang mengutamakan kualitas bukan kuantitas. Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood phase marked by changes occurred in both physical and psychological aspect. Therefore, most adolescents are enthusiastic to know those changes in her/his body. It is believed that addressing information about changes and transition occurred in adolescents should begin from the family, particularly from the father or the mother. However, it seems that it is still far from reality. The figure on parents addressing reproductive health information towards their adolescent is low. Percentage of female adolescent who have discussion on reproductive health issues with their parents is about 49%, while percentage of male adolescent is only 13%. The study is quantitative study using cross-sectional study design. The location of the study is at Soreang and Banjaran sub-districts in June, 2006. Subjects of the study are fathers who have adolescent age 10 to 19 years, and number of sample gathered was 100 respondents. Variables studied are: predisposing factors (occupational status of father and mother, father’s educational level, sex, knowledge on reproductive health); enabling factors (time spend with adolescent, and information media exposures); and reinforcing factors (family and society supports). Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate (chi’s square test) and multivariate (logistic regression test) analyses. The results of the study showed that 51% respondents have poor communication and information pattern. Independent variables which have significant relationship on communication and information pattern were: time spent with adolescent in working day, and family and society support. Multivariate analysis found that the most dominant factor, after controlled by father’s occupation and time spent with adolescent in the working day, is family and society supports. Based on the study result, it is suggested that efforts on promotion and socialization about the importance of communication and reproductive health information addressed to the adolescent, have to be delivered to the father and the community. It is suggested also to inform that it is not only the quantity of communication and information that matters, but also the quality.
Sistem Manajemen Crash Program Campak Pasca Tsunami di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Lhokseumawe Ismiati, Ismiati
Kesmas Vol. 2, No. 1
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Abstract

Imunisasi campak adalah program prioritas dalam situasi darurat di pengungsian. Namun, sampai akhir masa tanggap darurat cakupan imunisasi campak di Kota Lhokseumawe tidak mencapai target. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan gambaran fungsi sistem manajemen crash program campak di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Lhokseumawe tahun 2005, mengidentifikasi hal-hal yang menyebabkan tidak tercapainya target imunisasi dan mengetahui umpan balik dalam pengembangan program imunisasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan rancangan penelitian kualitatif untuk memahami latar belakang yang dialami subjek penelitian dalam melaksanakan fungsi manajemen crash program campak meliputi perencanaan sampai evaluasi serta rencana umpan balik berdasarkan hasil cakupan imunisasi. Pengumpulan data dengan cara wawancara mendalam dan telaah dokumen. Proses perencanaan tidak memadai, penentuan jumlah sasaran berdasarkan proyeksi BPS tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan dilapangan. Pada pelaksanaan imunisasi, jumlah capaian dibawah sasaran yang ditentukan, untuk daerah tertentu pengaruh faktor keamanan yang tidak kondusif. Pencatatan pelaporan, pemantauan dan evaluasi tidak memadai karena jumlah sasaran berbeda dengan sasaran yang telah ditentukan. Umpan balik dilakukan terutama terhadap Puskesmas dengan cakupan rendah dan memantau kasus campak yang mungkin muncul. Gambaran manajemen crash program campak belum memadai terutama pada proses perencanaan jumlah sasaran, sehingga berkaitan pada proses pelaksanaan, pencatatan dan pelaporan, pemantauan dan evaluasi. Measles immunization is a priority program of emergency in evacuation. Until the end of emergency measles immunization period, Lhokseumawe City could not achieved the target. The objective of study is to obtain the description of management system of measles crash program in Lhokseumawe Health Office in 2005, to identify things that caused low achievement of immunization target and find out feed back in developing immunization program.This research is conducted by qualitative research design to understand background of concerned research subject in doing crash program management function of measles including planning to evaluation and also feed back plan based on immunization result. Data gathering is done by in-depth interview and document study. Planning process is not adequate, target number determined based on BPS projection was not appropriate with reality in field. The immunization coverage was under the target, in certain areas security factor was not conducive. Record keeping, surveillance and evaluation were not adequate because target num- ber differ from determined target. Feed back was done especially to Puskesmas with low coverage and survey measles case that possibly appears. Description of crash program management of measles is not yet adequate, especially in planning process of target number, and it related to implementation process, record and report, surveillance and evaluation.
Analisis Pembiayaan Kesehatan Bersumber Pemerintah di Kabupaten Bogor Rahmaniawati, Nia Aryani
Kesmas Vol. 2, No. 1
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Pembiayaan kesehatan bidang kesehatan di Kabupaten Bogor yang diperoleh dari berbagai sumber dianggap besar, tetapi derajat kesehatan dari tahun ke tahun tidak beranjak banyak. Padahal pada era desentralisasi peningkatan tersebut seharusnya menyentuh pelayanan langsung kepada masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui sumber dana pemerintah, besar dana yang telah dianggarkan, realisasi alokasi anggaran kesehatan yang diberikan pemerintah. Penelitian dibatasi pada biaya kesehatan yang dikelola oleh Dinkes, Badan Rumah Sakit Daerah Cibinong dan Ciawi dengan menggunakan sumber data sekunder berbagai dokumen anggaran tahun 2003-2005. Ditemukan bahwa bidang kesehatan merupakan APBD Kabupaten, tetapi proporsi anggaran kesehatan tertinggi tahun 2005 (9,8%) lebih rendah dari kesepakatan bupati/walikota (15%). Sumber pendanaan kesehatan berasal dari Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD) Kabupaten dan Propinsi, Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) Pinjaman Luar Negeri (PLN), Bantuan Luar Negeri (BLN) serta bantuan natura obat dengan proporsi terbesar APBD Kabupaten. Penggunaan dana bidang kesehatan lebih besar pada belanja publik, proporsi berdasar line item lebih banyak untuk biaya operasional, Berdasar unit pengelola dinas kesehatan cenderung pada bidang yankes, Biaya Unit unit kerja terbesar adalah rumah sakit umum daerah. Berdasar fungsi yankes lebih besar pada fungsi kuratif. Realisasi anggaran yang telah direncanakan belum terlaksana sesuai dengan jadwal yang telah ditetapkan. Funding for health development in Bogor District from different sources is considered as relatively big, however, improvement in health status has been limited for years. In the decentralization era, improvement in health status should reach direct public services. This study objective is to understand funding sourced from government, budgeting and allocation, as well as the realization of budget and allocation plan of health funding from government. The study is limited to health funding managed by District Health Office, Cibinong and Ciawi Hospitals using 2003-2005 budget documents as secondary data.The study found that health sector is included in the District Budget Plan (APBD) with highest proportion of health budget was in 2005 (9.8%) which was still lower than Head of District’s stated commitment (15%). Health funding came from Province and District Budget Plans (APBD), National Budget Plan (APBN), grants and loans, and medicinal supplies with District Budget Plan as the highest contributor. Health funding is mainly allocated for public spending, while line item proportion is mainly found in operational cost. Based on implementing unit, health service units received most funds with local hospitals as highest receivers, and therefore, more emphasis on curative function. The realization schedule have not been promptly implemented as planned. from management system related to health sector.

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