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Journal of Current Research in Blockchain
Published by Meta Bright Indonesia
ISSN : -     EISSN : 30481430     DOI : https://doi.org/10.47738/jcrb
Core Subject : Economy, Science,
Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance
The Journal of Current Research in Blockchain publishes high-quality research on: Blockchain technology Smart Contract Data Privacy Decentralization Data Distributed Ledger Technology Decentralized Applications Our goal is to provide a platform for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to share innovative findings, discuss emerging trends, and address the challenges and opportunities presented by blockchain technology across various sectors.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Komputer (semua kategori) - Ilmu Komputer (Lain-Lain)
Articles 35 Documents
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Analyzing Transaction Fee Patterns and Their Impact on Ethereum Blockchain Efficiency Salem, Abdel Badeeh M; Aqel, Musbah J.
Journal of Current Research in Blockchain Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): Regular Issue December 2025
Publisher : Bright Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47738/jcrb.v2i4.46

Abstract

Transaction fees play a crucial role in determining the efficiency and scalability of blockchain networks, particularly in Ethereum, where gas fees fluctuate significantly due to network congestion and competitive bidding. This study analyzes transaction fee patterns in the Ethereum blockchain and their impact on network efficiency by examining key blockchain metrics such as block density, transaction size, and transaction fee variability. The findings indicate that the mean transaction fee is 0.0342 ETH, with a median of 0.0008 ETH, demonstrating significant fee variability. The study also finds a strong positive correlation (r ≈ 0.75, p < 0.01) between transaction fees and block density, as well as a moderate correlation with transaction size (r ≈ 0.58, p < 0.01), highlighting the direct impact of network congestion on fee structures. Time series forecasting with Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models reveals cyclical trends in transaction fees, often influenced by major network activities such as NFT releases, DeFi protocol surges, and high-frequency trading. The LSTM model achieves a lower RMSE (0.09) compared to ARIMA (0.15), demonstrating its superior predictive capability for fee trends. Additionally, anomaly detection techniques identify outlier transactions with fees exceeding 2.5 ETH, often associated with front-running strategies, priority gas auctions (PGA), and inefficient smart contract executions. Despite improvements introduced by EIP-1559, the findings indicate that Ethereum’s transaction fee market remains highly volatile, with block density fluctuating between 512.0% and 3896.0%, causing extreme fee spikes during congestion periods. The presence of large transactions (maximum size: 250 bytes) further amplifies fee inefficiencies, reinforcing the need for improved scalability solutions. This study underscores the necessity of Layer-2 rollups, dynamic block size adjustments, and more adaptive fee mechanisms to enhance blockchain efficiency. Future research should explore comparative studies across blockchain networks, advanced predictive modeling techniques, and the role of miner extractable value (MEV) in transaction ordering fairness. The study’s insights provide valuable guidance for developers, users, and policymakers aiming to optimize Ethereum’s transaction fee structure and enhance overall blockchain performance.
Correlation Between Gas Prices and Transaction Value in Ethereum Blockchain Işman, Aytekin; Sangsawang, Thosporn
Journal of Current Research in Blockchain Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): Regular Issue December 2025
Publisher : Bright Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47738/jcrb.v2i4.47

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between gas prices and transaction values on the Ethereum blockchain, providing a detailed analysis of transaction dynamics and the factors influencing gas price determination. The correlation coefficient between gas prices and transaction values is -0.0273, indicating a very weak and negative relationship. Instead, gas prices are driven by factors such as computational intensity, network congestion, and user prioritization. Functions with higher computational demands, such as mint, recorded the highest mean gas price of 120.45 Gwei, with a standard deviation of 15.30 Gwei, while functions like approve and transfer exhibited mean gas prices of 98.30 Gwei and 110.80 Gwei, respectively. Recipient address analysis reveals a strong concentration of transaction values, with the top recipient address receiving 49.95 ETH consistently, indicating high-value operations directed toward specific accounts. High-gas transactions, defined as those above the 90th percentile, displayed a mean gas price of 191.96 Gwei with minimal variability, while their corresponding transaction values varied widely, with a mean of 23.91 ETH and a standard deviation of 13.66 ETH. These findings provide critical insights into Ethereum transaction behavior, emphasizing the role of function type and user prioritization in shaping gas price decisions. Future research should investigate the impact of network upgrades such as EIP-1559, the adoption of Layer-2 scaling solutions, and temporal trends in transaction behavior to enhance network scalability and cost efficiency as Ethereum continues to evolve.
Temporal Analysis of Ethereum Blockchain Trends in Transaction Fees and Block Density Over Time Bahurmuz, Ahmed Saeed; Alyoubi, Hani Atiahallah
Journal of Current Research in Blockchain Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): Regular Issue December 2025
Publisher : Bright Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47738/jcrb.v2i4.48

Abstract

Ethereum, as a leading blockchain platform, experiences high variability in transaction fees due to network congestion, gas bidding, and computational complexity. This study analyzes 10,000 Ethereum transactions to identify key factors influencing transaction fees, block density, and staking mechanisms. The results show that transaction fees vary significantly, with an average of 0.1826 ETH and a standard deviation of 0.2381 ETH, indicating substantial fluctuations. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.72) between transaction size and transaction fee confirms that larger transactions incur higher costs due to increased computational demand. Time-series analysis reveals periodic spikes in gas fees, aligning with network congestion patterns. Block density averages 1718.8% (std = 501.01%), showing that some blocks are highly congested while others are underutilized. An Isolation Forest anomaly detection model identifies 3.4% of transactions as outliers, exhibiting unusually high gas fees, which may be caused by priority-based bidding, inefficient smart contract execution, or potential fee manipulation. Further analysis demonstrates that Coin Age and Stake Reward significantly influence transaction success rates. Transactions with older coins show a 7.8% higher success rate, indicating that validators may prioritize transactions with greater historical weight. Additionally, Stake Reward positively affects the Block Generation Rate (p < 0.05), confirming its role in securing the network and optimizing transaction processing. These findings provide valuable insights for Ethereum users, developers, and validators to optimize gas fees, transaction timing, and staking incentives. While this study offers critical observations, future research should focus on real-time gas fee monitoring, deep learning-based congestion forecasting, and the impact of Layer-2 scaling solutions. Understanding Ethereum’s Proof-of-Stake (PoS) dynamics will be essential for ensuring fair transaction processing, reducing gas fees, and improving blockchain efficiency.
Temporal Pattern Analysis and Transaction Volume Trends in the Ripple (XRP) Network Using Time Series Analysis Aljohani, Riyadh Abdulhadi M; Alnahdi, Abdulaziz Amir
Journal of Current Research in Blockchain Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): Regular Issue December 2025
Publisher : Bright Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47738/jcrb.v2i4.49

Abstract

This study analyzes the temporal patterns and transaction volume trends in the Ripple (XRP) network using time series analysis. The dataset comprises over 1.2 million transactions spanning three years, allowing for a comprehensive examination of long-term trends and seasonal fluctuations. Summary statistics reveal a right-skewed distribution of transaction volume, where a majority of transactions involve relatively small amounts, while a few high-value transactions contribute disproportionately to overall network activity. Time series decomposition identifies a clear upward trend in transaction volume, with notable seasonal patterns corresponding to weekly and monthly cycles. These periodic trends suggest institutional trading behaviors, liquidity management strategies, and external market influences. Comparative forecasting analysis between ARIMA and LSTM models demonstrates that LSTM achieves superior predictive accuracy, with a 30% lower Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and a 25% reduction in Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) compared to ARIMA. These results highlight the effectiveness of deep learning in capturing non-linear transaction dynamics within the blockchain ecosystem. Furthermore, anomaly detection using Isolation Forest successfully identifies transactional irregularities, particularly during periods of high market volatility and regulatory shifts. Several anomalous transaction spikes coincide with major market events, such as sudden exchange inflows and network congestion, reinforcing the role of external factors in influencing transaction activity. These findings emphasize the need for advanced forecasting techniques and real-time anomaly detection systems to improve transaction monitoring and enhance security within blockchain networks. Future research could integrate additional on-chain metrics, off-chain factors, and alternative deep learning models to refine predictive capabilities and support more resilient blockchain analytics frameworks.
Cybersecurity and Audit Compliance in Blockchain and Their Implications for System Resilience and Transaction Errors Catamio, Francis G.; Guballo, Jayvie Ochona
Journal of Current Research in Blockchain Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): Regular Issue December 2025
Publisher : Bright Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47738/jcrb.v2i4.50

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of cybersecurity indicators and audit compliance on transaction reliability and customer trust within blockchain systems. Using a dataset containing daily records of operational and security metrics, the research employs descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression to evaluate how key variables—namely security incidents, audit compliance scores, and reported cyberattacks—affect transaction errors and user trust. The analysis reveals that Security Incidents are positively correlated with Transaction Errors per Million (r = 0.64), while Audit Compliance Score (%) shows a negative correlation with transaction errors (r = -0.47) and a positive correlation with Customer Trust Index (r = 0.58). A multiple regression model indicates that approximately 68.3% of the variance in transaction errors is explained by the selected predictors (Adjusted R² = 0.683). Security Incidents are a statistically significant positive predictor (p < 0.01), and Audit Compliance Score (%) is a significant negative predictor (p < 0.05), whereas Cyber Attacks Reported show no statistically significant effect. Visual analyses further confirm these relationships: systems with higher audit compliance scores tend to exhibit fewer errors and greater user trust, while those with frequent security incidents experience higher transactional failures. These findings underscore the importance of integrating both security and audit mechanisms in blockchain risk management frameworks. Future research is recommended to incorporate additional cybersecurity dimensions and explore longitudinal trends across different blockchain architectures.

Page 4 of 4 | Total Record : 35

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