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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology
ISSN : 02156334     EISSN : 1907770X     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb
Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary
BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 8 Documents
 1 
Search results for , issue "Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015)" : 8 Documents clear
Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation Inventory of Indonesian Bananas (Musa spp.) and Its Potential Role for Land Rehabilitation Setyawan Agung Danarto; Lia Hapsari
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (392.824 KB) | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.376

Abstract

ABSTRACTBananas (Musa spp.) are widely cultivated in Indonesia. They are extensively grown in backyards, homegardens, intercropped with short term crops and also in agroforestry system. Potential role of bananas to absorb and store Carbon related to climate change mitigation is rarely studied. An inventory of biomass and C-stock estimation on banana accessions has been conducted in Musa germplasm plots - Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Pasuruan. 42individual banana accessions has been estimated its biomass and C-stock comprises of 5 wild types and 37 cultivars. Biomass estimated using non-destructive method ie. allometric equation for banana by measuring its mature stage pseudostem diameter at breast height (dbh).  C-stockwas estimated by crossing its biomass to averaged value of banana C-stock 0,46.The results showed that the biomass and C-stock estimation level were in positive correlations with its plants pseudostem dbH. The conclusions of these research that Kepok Bung cultivar has the highest level of estimated biomass and Carbon stock about 15, 02 kg/plant and 6, 92 kg C/plant and then cultivars with range averaged C-stock between 3,5 – 3,9 kg C/plant (higher level) are Tlekung, Baflo, and Cici. Musa balbisiana species contributes higher level of biomass and  C-stock estimation  than Musa acuminata species.Keywords: Banana, biomass, carbon stock (C-stock), estimation, Musa, non- destructive, Purwodadi Botanic Garden                
Biological Remediation of Cyanide: A Review Karamba Kabiru Ibrahim; Mohd Arif Syed; Mohd Yunus Shukor; Siti Aqlima Ahmad
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1249.896 KB) | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.393

Abstract

Cyanide and its complexes are produced by industries all over the world as waste or effluents. Biodegradation is considered to be the cheapest and the most effective method to get rid of cyanide in the environment. Several studies on different types of microorganisms that can degrade cyanide in the environment have been carried out. Hydrolytic, oxidative, reductive, and substitutive/transfer reactions are some of the common pathways used by microorganisms in cyanide degradation. Biodegradation of cyanide can occur aerobically or an-aerobically depending on the environmental conditions. Immobilised enzymes or microorganisms prove to be very effective method of degradation. Microorganisms such as Klebsiella oxytoca, Corynebacterium nitrophilous, Brevibacterium nitrophilous, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Rhodococcus UKMP-5M have been reported to be very effective in biodegradation of cyanide.
RAPD Analysis to Detect Somaclonal Variation of Pineapple In Vitro Cultures during Micropropagation Ika Roostika; Nurul Khumaida; Sintho Wahyuning Ardie
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (21.504 KB) | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.422

Abstract

Plant off-types still become a concern in pineapple micropropagation. Reliable methods are needed to detect and to reduce plant off-types. This research was conducted to confirm the occurrence of somaclonal variation during micropropagation, to know the level of variation in three different populations, to detect and to reduce the somaclonal variation of pineapple clone Simadu. The first population was the acclimatized plants and plantlets of four-year old cultures. The second population was the plantlets yielded from three kinds of regeneration methods (direct organogenesis, indirect organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis) derived from the normal phenotype shoots selected from the first population. The third population was the new in vitro cultures regenerated by shoot proliferation and direct organogenesis methods. RAPD analysis by using 10 primers was performed to confirm genetic variation. The result showed that the phenotypic variation occurred in the four year-old pineapple plants and plantlets were due to genetic variation. This research has proved that the long-period of cultures is the main contributor of somaclonal variation, while the regeneration method and plant growth regulator could also induce genetic variation. The new cultures showed higher level of similarity. Therefore, it needs a correct strategy to apply micropropagation method.
Fiber Disruption of Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) by Combined Fungal and Microwave Pretreatment Widya Fatriasari; Wasrin Syafii; Nyoman Wistara; Khaswar Syamsu; Bambang Prasetya; S Heris Anita; Lucky Risanto
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1200.375 KB) | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.363

Abstract

Combined fungal and microwave pretreatment is an attractive method to alter carbohydrate and lignin structure of lignocellulosic materials for improving hydrolysis process in order to convert these lignocellulosic materials to bioethanol. This study was conducted to obtain the information on the characteristic changes of cellulose and lignin after combined biologicaland microwave pretreatment of Betung Bamboo. Based on our previous research, incubation for 30 days both for 5 and 10% liquid-inoculum loading of white rot fungi, Trametes versicolor, was chosen as the fungal pretreatment prior to microwave pretreatment at 30% power level for 5, 10 and 12.5 minutes. The evaluation of characteristic changes after combined pretreatment was performed using the analysis of FT-IR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and SEM.FTIR spectra demonstrated that the combined pretreatment only affected the decrease of intensity bands of FTIR spectra with increasing microwave irradiation time, without any changes in the functional groups.This band intensity decrease occured on unconjugated bonds of carbohydrate peaked at 1736 (C=0 in xylan), 1373 (C-H deformation in cellulose and hemicellulose), 1165 (C-O-C vibration in cellulose and hemicellulose), and 895 (C-H deformation or C-O-C stretching at β-glicosidic linkage characteristic in cellulose) cm-1. The pretreatment decreased the hydrogen bond stretching of cellulose and the linkage between lignin and carbohydrate. This decrease of hydrogen bond was associated with crystallinity of bamboo cellulose,ilustrated by occurring structural changes.  Syringil propane units were more soluble than guiacyl moieties.  The crystallinity of cellulose tended to increase slightly due to the cleavage of the amorphous fraction. SEM images illustrated that the pretreatment disrupted the fiber structure while the longer microwave irradiation, the greater fiber degradation level. Prolonging microwave irradiation on 5% inoculum loading decreased lignin degrading ability. Crystalline allomorph of 5% inoculum loading for 10 minutes showed that Iβ (triclinic) structure of cellulose has transformed into monoclinic (Iα) structure.Key words: betung bamboo, combined biological andmicrowave pretreatment, cellulose and lignin changes, FTIR, SEM, XRD
Fungal Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination in Stored Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Kernels at Various Stages of Delivery Chain in North Sulawesi Province Okky S. Dharmaputra; Santi Ambarwati; Ina Retnowati; Nijma Nurfadila
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (252.677 KB) | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.458

Abstract

ABSTRACTNutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) or fragrant nutmeg is an important commodity that has been used in food industry and medicine, hence its quality should be monitored. The objectives of the research were to obtain informations on the postharvest handling of nutmeg conducted by farmers, collectors and exporters in North Sulawesi province and to investigate the occurrence of fungi (included A. flavus) and aflatoxin contamination in stored nutmeg collected from farmers, collectors and exporters in North Sulawesi province. Moisture content and percentage of damaged kernels were also investigated, because they affect fungal infection. Surveys and obtaining samples of nutmeg in different points of the delivery chain were done in April and May 2013, in three regencies (North Minahasa, Siau Tagulandang Biaro (Sitaro) and Sangihe Talaud) and two cities (Bitung and Manado). Interviews were conducted during the surveys to collect informations on the postharvest handling of nutmeg in different points of the delivery chain. The total number of nutmeg samples collected from different point of the delivery chain was 76. It consisted of samples collected from farmers (25 samples), collectors (22), and exporters (29). The results showed that in general, the moisture content of nutmeg collected from North Sulawesi province was not higher than the maximum limit of moisture content determineted by SNI (10%). In general, nutmeg collected from farmers and collectors had high percentage of damaged kernels. Aspergillus niger and Endomyces fibuliger were the dominant fungi infecting nutmeg collected from farmers and collectors, while Eurotium repens was the dominant fungus infecting nutmeg collected from exporters. Aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin contents in nutmeg collected from farmers and exporters were relatively high. Based on the results of this study, the method of postharvest handling of nutmeg conducted by farmers, collectors and exporters in North Sulawesi province (North Minahasa, Sitaro and  Sangihe Talaud regencies, Bitung and Manado cities) should be improved to minimize aflatoxin contamination. Keywords : aflatoxin, fungi, Myristica fragrans Houtt., nutmeg, North Sulawesi province, delivery chain 
Effect of Substrate Moisture Content and Invasive Grass Competition on Native Fig (Ficus fistulosa) Seedling Recruitment in Limestone Quarries Annisa Satyanti
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (386.107 KB) | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.367

Abstract

Challenges for restoration of degraded habitats on quarried limestone present in many countries including Indonesia. Ficus fistulosa as native species was chosen as a study species in the study of quarry restoration, as this species was shown in the previous study to have high importance value in Ciampea limestone forest in Bogor, West Java. To identify the effect of substrate moisture and competition from exotic Pennisetum grass to limestone restoration using native Ficus, we set up an experiment in the green house. Ficus above and belowground biomass were reduced because of the presence of Pennisetum grass and was affected by substrate moisture. Ficus biomass growth apparently was not favoured by higher irrigation. However, lower rate of irrigation led to the lower biomass of grass, meaning a lower competition from grass. On the other hand, it was apparent that the interaction of substrate moisture and presence of competition from grass reduced Ficus aboveground as well as belowground biomass. Furthermore, competition with grass was significantly reduced seedling’s leaf and length. Nevertheless, the interaction effect of substrate moisture and competition did not lead to the reduction of Ficus seedling’s leaf and length.   
Diversity of Epiphytic Orchids and Host Trees (Phorophytes) in Secondary Forest of Coban Trisula, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia Siti Nurfadilah
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.450

Abstract

Introduction: Epiphytic orchids are an integral component of forest ecosystems that contributes to a high proportion of plant diversity. Host trees are a natural habitat requirement of epiphytic orchids on which the orchids live on. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of epiphytic orchid and the host tree in a secondary forest of Coban Trisula (the Trisula waterfall) in a Mount Bromo area. Two line transects were used, with each line transect of 150 m x 10 m was divided into 15 plots (the size of each plot 10 m x 10 m), resulting in the total number of 30 sampling plots at the study site. Data (the species name and number of individuals of epiphytic orchid, the species name and number of individuals of host tree species, vertical distribution of the epiphytic orchids on the host tree, and environmental factors (temperature and relative humidity) were recorded in each plot.     Results: There were 15 epiphytic orchid species, 13 genera in the secondary forest of Coban Trisula. Appendicula angustifolia was the most abundant epiphytic orchid species (Relative abundance of orchids; % Fo=52,4%), followed by Trichotosia annulata (% Fo=29,9%). There were nine host tree species on which the orchids attached. Number of host tree species of each orchid species varied, from one to five host tree species. Trichotosia annulata was an orchid that had the highest number of host tree species; 5 species). Castanopsis javanica, was a host tree on which the highest number of individual orchids attached (Ji/Jt= 589,5), followed by Engelhardia spicata (Ji/Jt=425,67). The greatest abundance of epiphytic orchids was on zone 3 and zone 4. Mean temperature was 22,2⁰C, and relative humidity was 72,8 % at the site.Conclusion:  The secondary forest of Coban Trisula had a diverse epiphytic orchid species and the host tree species. Management of orchid conservation is required to protect the diversity of orchids and the host tree species in the secondary forest in Coban Trisula from the potential human disturbances as Coban Trisula is one of tourist destinations. Key words: diversity, epiphytic orchid, host tree, secondary forest, Coban Trisula 
Soil Seed Bank of An Exotic Acacia sp. Plantation and An Adjacent Tropical Heath Forest in Brunei Darussalam Adrian Lee Rahman Suhaili; Kushan Tennakoon; Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.487

Abstract

We compared seedling emergence and soil seed bank composition under an Acacia mangium plantation and an adjacent tropical heath forest in the Andulau Forest Reserve, Brunei Darussalam. Soil samples were collected from ten 20 x 20 m plots set up in three contrasting habitats: the Acacia plantation, the adjacent heath forest, and the transition zone in-between. Soil samples were subjected to smoke and heat treatments, following which seedling emergence was observed daily over a 12-week period. In a parallel investigation, variations in species richness, seed density and seed viability of the soil seed banks of the ten plots were investigated. Seedling emergence was significantly highest in the plantation and lowest in the heath forest plots respectively. However, no significant differences among treatments, and no significant treatment-habitat interactions were detected. Species richness, seed density and seed viability in the plantation plots were significantly lower than the transition zone and intact heath forest plots. A. mangium seeds were not recorded in the heath forest soil seed banks but were detected in the plantation and transition zone plots. Lower native plant species richness, seed density and viability in the A. mangium plantation could imply higher regeneration potential for the heath forest habitat if severe habitat destruction was to occur in this forest reserve. We suggest that proper plantation management practices and close monitoring of soil seed banks are the best mechanisms that could be adopted to minimize the gradual spread of invasive Acacias into natural tropical heath forests of Borneo.

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