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POLA PERTUMBUHAN ASPERGILLUS OCHRACEUS BIO 220 DAN PRODUKSI OKRATOKSIN A PADA JAGUNG DAN KEDELAI INVITRO (Growth Pattern of Aspergillus ochraceus and Ochratoxin A Production on Maize and Soybens invitro) Sinta Simatupang; Winiati P. Rahayu; Hanifah N. Lioe; Dian Herawati; Wisnu Broto; Santi Ambarwati
Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian Vol 11, No 1 (2014): Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pascapanen Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jpasca.v11n1.2014.48-56

Kapang toksigenik Aspergillus ochraceus penghasil mikotoksin dapat menimbulkan masalah kesehatan bila mengkontaminasi bahan pangan seperti jagung dan kedelai. Pertumbuhan kapang A. ochraceus dipengaruhi oleh perubahan iklim, seperti perubahan suhu dan kelembaban. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh perubahan suhu dan kelembaban terhadap pertumbuhan A. ochraceus dan jumlah okratoksin A yang diproduksinya. Aspergillus ochraceus BIO 220 di diinokulasikan pada media Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), jagung dan kedelai, kemudian diinkubasi selama 20 hari pada tiga kondisi suhu (20, 30, 40 oC) dan tiga tingkat kelembaban (70, 80 dan 90%). Pertumbuhan miselium dan spora diamati setiap dua hari dan konsentrasi okratoksin A yang terbentuk dianalisis dengan RP-HPLC yang dilengkapi dengan fluorescence detector setelah 40 hari. Pertumbuhan kapang toksigenik A. ochraceus BIO 220 pada media laboratorium PDA, jagung dan kedelai optimal pada suhu 30 oC dan kelembaban 90%. Pembentukan okratoksin A optimum pada jagung dan kedelai yang dikontaminasi dengan A. ochraceus BIO 220 pada suhu 20 oC dan RH 80% masing-masing sebanyak 93 dan 45 ppb. Kapang A. ochraceus BIO 220 tidak dapat tumbuh pada jagung dan kedelai bila kondisinya ekstrim yaitu pada suhu 40°C dengan kelembaban 70, 80 dan 90 %.Kata kunci :Aspergillus ochraceus, kelembaban, okratoksin, suhuEnglish Version AbstractToxigenic fungi, Aspergillus ochraceus producing ochratoxin A can cause serious health problem if the fungi contaminated food product such as maize and soybean. A. ochraceus growth is affected by climate change including the change of temperature and relative humidity. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of temperature and relative humidity on A. ochraceus BIO 220 growth and its ochratoxin A production. Aspergillus ochraceus BIO 220 was inoculated in Potatoes Dextrose Agar (PDA) media, maize and soybean, then incubated at 3 different temperatures (20, 30, 40 oC) dan 3 different relative humidities (70, 80 dan 90%) for 20 days. Mycelium and spores were in observed every two days and the level of ochratoxin A was analyzed using RP-HPLC equipped by fluorescence detector after 40 days. Optimum growth for A. ochraceus BIO 220 in laboratory media, maize and soybean was at temperature 30 °C and relative humidity 90%, while the highest ochratoxin A level was reached in maize (93 ppb) and soybean (45 ppb) at temperature of 20 °C and 80 % relative humidities. Aspergillus ochracheus BIO 220 could not grow in maize and soybean media at extreme condition (temperature 40 °C and relative humidity 70, 80 dan 90 %).Keywords :Aspergillus ochraceus, ochratoxin, relative humidity, temperature

EFEKTIVITAS INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH (IPAL) DI SEAMEO BIOTROP Ulya, Nisauz Zakiyatul; Dewajani, Heny; Ambarwati, Santi
DISTILAT: Jurnal Teknologi Separasi Vol. 10 No. 4 (2024): December 2024
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33795/distilat.v10i4.6647

SEAMEO BIOTROP (Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology) adalah salah satu Regional Centre di Indonesia yang bernaung di bawah Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. Mandat yang dimiliki SEAMEO BIOTROP antara lain yaitu penelitian, peningkatan kapasitas, dan diseminasi informasi di bidang Biologi Tropika. SEAMEO BIOTROP memiliki Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) untuk mengelola limbah yang dihasilkan laboratorium sebelum dialirkan ke badan air terdekat. Kualitas air limbah pada IPAL SEAMEO BIOTROP secara berkala dipantau untuk memastikan bahwa kualitas air limbah telah memenuhi baku mutu air limbah sebelum dialirkan ke badan air permukaan (sungai). Bahan kimia seperti dikromat, asam sulfat, mangan sulfat, dan alkali-iodida-azida yang digunakan dalam pengujian COD dan BOD sangat berbahaya karena sifatnya yang toksik, korosif, dan reaktif. Pelarut-pelarut organik dan anorganik sisa pekerjaan laboratorium, serta air bekas cucian peralatan laboratorium harus dikelola dengan baik karena jika dibuang langsung ke lingkungan, akan menyebabkan pencemaran serius dan berdampak buruk pada makhluk hidup. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui efektivitas sistem pengolahan air limbah di SEAMEO BIOTROP melalui pengujian beberapa parameter utama meliputi Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), dan Total Suspended Solid (TSS). Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk membandingkan hasil evaluasi parameter dengan baku mutu air limbah yang berlaku. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapatkan nilai %efektivitas IPAL untuk parameter COD 71,55%, BOD 74,53%, dan TSS 73,44%. Tingginya %efektivitas penurunan kadar dari beberapa parameter menandakan jika IPAL SEAMEO BIOTROP dapat bekerja dengan baik.

STORED COCOA BEANS QUALITY AFFECTED BY FERMENTATION AND EPHESTIA CAUTELLA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE) INFESTATION S. DHARMAPUTRA, OKKY; SUNJAYA, SUNJAYA; RETNOWATI, INA; AMBARWATI, SANTI
BIOTROPIA No. 15 (2000)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2000.0.15.159

The effects of fermentation on Ephestia cautella population and cocoa beans quality in terms of moisture content, fungal population, the percentage of insect-damaged and mouldy beans, lipid and free fatty acid contents during storage were investigated together with the effects of Â£. cautella infestation on the quality of stored cocoa beans and weight loss. Fermented and unfermented cocoa beans with initial moisture contents of 7 or 9% were placed in ventilated plastic jars (Ikg/jar) and stored for 6 months under room conditions. Seven larvae of Â£. cautella instar IV (2 males and 5 females) were introduced in each jar at the beginning of storage. Untreated jars contained only cocoa beans. Population of Â£. cautella on fermented cocoa beans with either initial moisture content of 7 or 9% was lower than that on unfermented beans during storage. The population either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans with initial moisture content of 7% was lower than that of 9%, and the population of all treatments increased during storage. Moisture content of all treatments either on cocoa beans with initial moisture contents of 7 or 9% had the same pattern. The percentage of insect-damaged beans on fermented cocoa beans was lower than that on unfermented cocoa beans after 5 to 6 months of storage. The damaged beans on fermented cocoa after 6 months of storage was not different than on unfermented beans after 4 months of storage. The weight loss either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans with initial moisture content of 9% was higher than that with initial moisture content of 7%. The weight loss on fermented cocoa beans either with moisture content of 7 or 9% was lower than that on unfermented beans during storage. The weight loss either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans increased during storage. The percentage of mouldy beans on cocoa infested with Â£. cautella tended to increase during storage, while on beans not infested with the insect it fluctuated during storage. The highest percentage of mouldy beans was on unfermented and infested cocoa beans. Twenty-one fungal species were isolated from all treatments of cocoa beans during storage. The total fungal population on fermented and unfermented beans had the same pattern. The population on fermented cocoa beans was lower than that on unfermented beans. Total l ipid content on fermented cocoa beans either infested or not with Â£. cautella having initial moisture content of 7 or 9%, was lower than that of unfermented beans. The content either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans and either infested or not decreased during storage. Free fatty acid content on cocoa beans infested with Â£.Â cautella was higher and significantly different than that on not infested. The content for both types increased during storage. Key Words :Â Â Cocoa beans / Fermentation / Ephestia cautella I Moisture content / Fungal population / Insect-damaged beans / Mouldy beans / Lipid / Free fatty acid.

Assessment of the Quality of Arabica Coffee Beans from Three Processing Methods and Two Types of Packaging Materials Dharmaputra, Okky S.; Ambarwati, Santi; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 (2021): BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 December 2021
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2021.28.3.1325

In Southeast Asia, Indonesia is the second highest-producing country of coffee beans after Vietnam. Consequently, Indonesia competes with other countries in producing good quality coffee beans. However, not many people have sufficient skills in tackling problems related to the postharvest handling of these coffee beans. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) beans in terms of moisture content, fungal infection (especially ochratoxin A or OTA producing fungi), OTA contamination, and the taste of the coffee during storage. The three processing methods used were dry, wet, and semi-wet methods. The beans were packed using two types of packaging materials, i.e. Kantong Semar high gas barrier and polypropylene bags (4 kg/bag). They were then stored under warehouse conditions during 4 months of storage. The moisture content of coffee beans processed using the three methods and packed using polypropylene bags was higher than that of coffee beans packed using Kantong Semar high gas barrier; however, it was still lower than the safe moisture content for coffee determined by the Indonesian National Standard (12.5%). Aspergillus niger was found in coffee processed using the three methods and packed using a Kantong Semar high gas barrier. Its population was relatively low (< 0.1 x 10 cfu/g wet basis). Aspergillus ochraceus was found in coffee processed using dry and wet methods at the beginning of storage. Its population was also relatively low (< 0.3 x 10 cfu/g w.b. OTA content was not detected in all coffee samples, because it was lower than the detection limit of the instrument used (< 1.85 ppb). At the beginning of the storage, all coffee samples were dominated by yeast with the population of 1.9 x 102 – 1.2 x 103 cfu/g w.b. The taste of coffee in various treatments during 4 months of storage was still above the total standard score for specialty grade ≥ 80. The highest total score (84) was found in coffee beans processed using a dry method and packed in Kantong Semar high gas barrier. The three processing methods and the two types of packaging materials can be used to maintain the quality of coffee beans during 4 months of storage. Keywords: Arabica coffee beans, processing methods, quality, types of packaging materials

POSTHARVEST QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF NUTMEG (Myristica fragrans) Dharmaputra, Okky S.; Ambarwati, Santi; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
BIOTROPIA Vol. 29 No. 3 (2022): BIOTROPIA Vol. 29 No. 3 Desember 2022
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1393

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) or fragrant nutmeg is an important commodity that has been used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, hence its quality should be monitored. The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify Critical Control Points (CCP) in nutmeg’s postharvest handling process and prepare nutmeg HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) System and 2) provide a recommendation on GHP (Good Handling Practices) of nutmeg in order to maintain its quality in relation to food safety issue which is very important for international trade. Ripe fruits of nutmeg were collected after the fruits had reached maturity and fallen from their trees. A paranet was placed under each nutmeg tree to prevent the ripe nutmeg fruits from falling on the ground. The subsequent processes were taking out the nutmeg seeds from the fruits and separating the nutmeg seeds from the pulps and maces. After that, the nutmeg seeds underwent the drying process by using the smoke- and oven-dried methods until the moisture content of the nutmeg seeds was reduced by 10%. Subsequently, the nutmeg seeds were divided into two parts, prior to the storing process. The first part was fumigated by using phosphine (2 g/m3) for eight days and the second part was not fumigated. The sampling of nutmeg seeds was conducted at the beginning of storage and after four months of storage. The parameters observed were moisture content, percentage of damaged kernels, the population of each fungal species, and aflatoxin content. The results showed that moisture content, fungal population, aflatoxin B1, and total aflatoxin contents of nutmeg kernels having been dried by using the smoke- and oven-dried methods with and without fumigation still complied with the requirements related to food safety, although the nutmegs were stored for four months. The results of this research could also determine the Critical Control Point (CCP) in the postharvest handling process of nutmegs, i.e., 1) choosing only ripe nutmeg fruits to be harvested; 2) harvesting method by preventing the ripe nutmeg fruits from falling on the ground; 3) drying process of nutmeg seeds should be conducted immediately after separating the nutmegs from the maces by using the smoke- or oven-dried methods; and 4) nutmeg seeds were stored with the shells.

ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS INFECTION AND AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN PEANUTS AT VARIOUS STAGES OF THE DELIVERY CHAINS IN WONOGIRI REGENCY, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA Dharmaputra, Okky Setyawati; Retnowati, Ina; Ambarwati, Santi
BIOTROPIA Vol. 14 No. 2 (2007): BIOTROPIA Vol. 14 No. 2 December 2007
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2007.14.2.15

As a part of an Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) project on management of aflatoxin in Indonesia and Australia (PHT 97/017), a survey on pre- and postharvest handling of peanuts at farmer, collector retailer levels, including Aspergillus flavus Â infection and aflatoxin B1 contamination of peanuts collected in Wonogiri regency, Central Java, was conducted during the harvest period of the wet (February 2003) and dry (June 2003) seasons. Interviews using questionnaires, with farmers, collectors and retailers concerning pre- and post-harvest handling of peanuts were carried out. The moisture contents and physical quality of the peanut kernels were also determined. During the wet and dry seasons, fresh pod samples were collected from farmer fields (24 samples), dry raw pod samples from collector (24 samples) and raw kernel samples from retailer levels (54 samples). Thus, during each season 102 samples of various kinds of peanuts were collected for analysis. The A. flavus infection in kernel samples of peanuts collected from retailers were the highest, followed by samples collected from collectors and farmers. The A. flavus infection in kernel samples collected during the dry season was in general lower than in the wet season. It was alarming to note that all most all samples of raw kernel samples collected from retailers were infected by A. flavus during the wet and dry seasons. In general aflatoxin B1 levels in peanut samples collected in the wet season were higher than the dry season. During the wet and dry seasons, the aflatoxin B1 contents in retailer samples were the highest, followed by those collected from collectors and farmers. During the wet season, around 4, 17 and 33% of peanut samples collected from farmers, collectors and retailers, were respectively contaminated with more than 15 ppb of aflatoxin B1. During the dry season, around 42 and 74% of peanut samples collected from collectors and retailers, were respectively contaminated with more than 15 ppb of aflatoxin B1, while aflatoxin levels in wet raw pod samples collected from farmers were less than 15 ppb. In 2003 Codex Alimentarius Commission has determined a maximum level of total aflatoxins in peanuts intended for further processing at 15 ppb.

THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLASTIC PACKAGING MATERIALS: THEIR EFFECTS ON MOULD INFECTION AND AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN PEANUTS. Dharmaputra, Okky Setyawati; Retnowati, Ina; Ambarwati, Santi
BIOTROPIA Vol. 14 No. 1 (2007): BIOTROPIA Vol. 14 No. 1 June 2007
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2007.14.1.21

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Aspergillus flavus Population and Aflatoxin B1 Content of Processed Peanut Products in Municipality of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia Dharmaputra, Okky Setyawati; Ambarwati, Santi; Retnowati, Ina; Windyarani, Amanda
BIOTROPIA Vol. 20 No. 2 (2013): BIOTROPIA Vol. 20 No. 2 December 2013
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2013.20.2.251

The objectives of this study were to get informations on the population of A. flavus and aflatoxin B1 content of five processed peanut products collected from retailers in Kecamatan Bogor Tengah (Subdistrict of Central Bogor), Municipality of Bogor. A total of 129 samples of processed peanut products was collected. They consisted of roasted peanuts with skin pods (33 samples), flour-coated peanuts (33), siomay sauce (18), pecel/gado-gado sauce (33) and satai sauce (12). A sample each of 2 000 g roasted peanuts with skin pods as well as flour-coated peanuts, and a sample each of 1 500 g siomay sauce, pecel/gado-gado sauce as well as satai sauce was mixed homogenously. It was then divided two times manually to obtain working samples to determine A. flavus population, AFB1 content and a reserve sample. Peanut kernels of roasted peanuts with skin pods and flour-coated peanuts were obtained by peeling their skin pods and the batter coat of tapioca flour manually, respectively. Aspergillus flavus in peanut processed products was isolated using a serial dilution method, followed by pour plate method on Aspergillus Flavus and Parasiticus Agar (AFPA). AFB1 content was determined using Thin Layer Chromatography method. Two replicates were used for each sample. The results showed that the population of A. flavus in roasted peanuts with skin pods, flour-coated peanuts, siomay sauce, pecel/gado-gado sauce and satai sauce were 0.3, 0.1, 0.3, 13.2 and 0.4 cfu/g (wet basis), respectively. The highest AFB1 content ofÂ processed peanut products (43.2 ppb) was found in roasted peanuts with skin pods, followed by flour-coated peanuts (34.3 ppb), satai sauce (23.2 ppb), pecel/gado-gado sauce (17.1 ppb) and siomay sauce (4.4 ppb).Key words : Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin B1, processed peanut products, Municipality of Bogor

Fungal Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination in Stored Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Kernels at Various Stages of Delivery Chain in North Sulawesi Province Dharmaputra, Okky S.; Ambarwati, Santi; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Fragrant nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is an important commodity widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries; therefore, its quality should be strictly monitored. The objectives of this research were to: (a) investigate the occurrence of fungi, including the presence of A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination in stored nutmeg kernels; (b) measure moisture content and percentage of damaged kernels; and (c) evaluate nutmeg kernels along the delivery chain. This study consisted of surveys, interviews, and sample collection along the delivery chain. The research was conducted in April–May 2013 in three regencies (North Minahasa, Siau Tagulandang Biaro (Sitaro), and Sangihe Talaud) and two cities (Bitung and Manado). A total of 76 nutmeg kernel samples were collected: 25 from farmers, 22 from collectors, and 29 from exporters. Results showed that the moisture content of nutmeg kernels collected from the North Sulawesi Province did not exceed the maximum moisture content limit set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), which is 10%. However, nutmeg kernels collected from farmers and collectors had a high percentage of physical damage. Aspergillus niger and Endomyces fibuliger were the dominant fungi found in samples from farmers and collectors, whereas Eurotium repens was predominantly associated with samples stored by exporters. Levels of aflatoxin B₁ and total aflatoxin in several samples collected from farmers and exporters were relatively high. A non-parametric statistical analysis showed that the delivery chain did not have a significant effect on moisture content, percentage of damaged kernels, total fungal population, or total aflatoxin content. This study suggests that improvements in postharvest handling practices performed by farmers, collectors, and exporters in North Sulawesi Province (North Minahasa, Sitaro, and Sangihe Talaud), Bitung, and Manado are necessary to minimize contamination of aflatoxin B₁ and total aflatoxin.

Fungal Infection of Stored Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica) Beans in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia Dharmaputra, Okky Setyawati; Ambarwati, Santi; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
BIOTROPIA Vol. 26 No. 2 (2019): BIOTROPIA Vol. 26 No. 2 August 2019
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2019.26.2.900

Indonesia is the world's fourth-largest coffee producer after Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia, in which one of its well-known coffee originates from the Toraja region, South Sulawesi. As such, Indonesia has to compete with these countries in producing good quality coffee beans. Consequently, this research aimed (a) to obtain information on the postharvest handling methods of Arabica coffee (C. arabica) beans in Tana Toraja Regency, North Toraja Regency, and Makassar Municipality, Indonesia, and (b) to investigate the occurrence of fungi (including ochratoxin A producing fungi) in stored Arabica coffee beans collected from various stages of the delivery chain. The data collection process included surveys, interviews, and sample collections conducted in May and July 2016 at each level of the delivery chain. The moisture content (MC) and the physical quality of the beans were also measured to determine its quality. Sixty-four (64) coffee bean samples were collected, consisting of 27 samples from the farmers, 15 samples from the collectors, 13 samples from the traders, and 9 samples from the exporters. The results showed that the moisture contents of coffee beans collected from the farmers and bean collectors (42.5%) were significantly higher than the maximum tolerable limit determined by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) (13%), while the MC of the beans from the traders and exporters (9.7–10.9%) was significantly lower. Based on the total defective values, coffee beans from the farmers had more diverse grades (1–6) than those at other levels. Penicillium citrinum was the dominant fungus found in those beans collected from the farmers, collectors, and traders, while Aspergillus niger was the dominant fungus found in those beans from the exporters. At trader level, 46% of the samples were infected by Aspergillus ochraceus and A. niger, which are known as ochratoxin A (OTA) producing fungi. At exporter level, 44% of the samples were infected by A. ochraceus, while 78% of the samples were infected by A. niger. Thus, the postharvest handling methods conducted especially by farmers and collectors of Arabica coffee beans should be improved to reduce the moisture content and to increase the grade quality of the coffee beans.

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