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Jabes Pasaribu
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jabespasaribu@institutkristenrealbatam.ac.id
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Manthano: Journal of Christian Education
Published by Institut Agama Kristen REAL Batam
ISSN : 28290135     EISSN : 2828951X     DOI : https://doi.org/10.53547/by40mc18
Core Subject :
MANTHANO: Jurnal Pendidikan Kristen, P-ISSN 2829-0135 and E-ISSN 2828-951X, is an open access and peer reviewed scientific journal managed and published by Institut Agama Kristen REAL Batam, Riau Islands, Indonesia, through its Institute for Research and Community Service or LPPM. The journal is nationally accredited with SINTA 4 status, published twice a year in March and September, and accepts manuscripts in both Indonesian and English. MANTHANO publishes the results of academic and scientific inquiry in the field of Christian Education, both empirical and conceptual. Its scope includes the theology of Christian education, learning strategies and curriculum, educational management and leadership, the philosophy of Christian education, educational measurement, assessment, and evaluation, learning technology, family education, and Christian character education. The journal welcomes contributions from lecturers, researchers, practitioners, and students, both from Indonesia and abroad. All manuscripts that meet the submission requirements are evaluated by expert reviewers through a double blind review process. Each published article is assigned a DOI under the prefix 10.53547.
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Articles 5 Documents
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Search results for , issue "vol 5 no 2 (2026): september" : 5 Documents clear
Academic Capitalism and Theological Education: A Critical Analysis of the Commodification of Ministerial Vocation in the Neoliberal Era Jabes Pasaribu; Oniaman Buulolo; Frank Hammond-Essel
Manthano: Jurnal Pendidikan Kristen Vol 5 No 2 (2026): September
Publisher : Institut Kristen Teologi REAL Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53547/dqmxcc97

Abstract

Christian theological education faces serious challenges as academic capitalism increasingly shapes higher education. Market logic emphasizing efficiency, competition, and profit shifts theological education from spiritual formation and vocational calling toward economic investment and expected returns. This article critically examines how the commodification of education affects theological institutions, particularly graduates’ orientations toward ecclesial ministry. Using a critical interdisciplinary literature review, the study integrates sociology of education, practical theology, and postcolonial studies, engaging international scholarship alongside literature and policy sources from Indonesia and Asia. It argues that rising educational costs, market-oriented accreditation, and the declining role of churches as financial guarantors intensify tensions between ministerial vocation and post-study economic needs, risking the reduction of ministry to a materially rewarded profession. The article’s novelty lies in connecting academic capitalism with Maldonado-Torres’s concept of coloniality and interpreting educational and economic pressures through a Global South perspective. It concludes by proposing theological education reform that integrates spiritual formation, communal responsibility, and financial sustainability. Abstrak Pendidikan teologi Kristen menghadapi tantangan serius seiring semakin kuatnya pengaruh kapitalisme akademik dalam pendidikan tinggi. Logika pasar yang menekankan efisiensi, kompetisi, dan keuntungan menggeser pendidikan teologi dari proses pembentukan spiritual dan panggilan vokasional menuju investasi ekonomi yang menuntut imbal hasil. Artikel ini secara kritis mengkaji bagaimana komodifikasi pendidikan memengaruhi institusi teologi, khususnya orientasi lulusan terhadap pelayanan gerejawi. Dengan menggunakan tinjauan literatur interdisipliner kritis, penelitian ini mengintegrasikan sosiologi pendidikan, teologi praktis, dan studi pascakolonial melalui dialog antara literatur internasional dan sumber literatur serta kebijakan dari Indonesia dan Asia. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa meningkatnya biaya pendidikan, akreditasi yang berorientasi pasar, dan melemahnya peran gereja sebagai penjamin pembiayaan memperkuat ketegangan antara panggilan pelayanan dan kebutuhan ekonomi pascastudi, yang berisiko mereduksi pelayanan menjadi profesi yang berorientasi pada imbalan material. Kebaruan artikel ini terletak pada pengaitan kapitalisme akademik dengan konsep coloniality Maldonado-Torres serta interpretasi terhadap tekanan pendidikan dan ekonomi melalui perspektif Global South. Artikel ini mengusulkan reformasi pendidikan teologi yang mengintegrasikan pembentukan spiritual, tanggung jawab komunal, dan keberlanjutan finansial.
Living as Sojourners: Faith Formation among Indonesian Christian Diaspora in Malaysia Dewi Lidya Sidabutar; Abraham Marsal Sakati Sakati; Winson Hermanto Simamora
Manthano: Jurnal Pendidikan Kristen Vol 5 No 2 (2026): September
Publisher : Institut Kristen Teologi REAL Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53547/z7bp2488

Abstract

Research in Christian Religious Education (CRE) has shown that faith formation extends beyond formal instruction to the communal life of the church. However, empirical evidence on how non-formal CRE shapes faith formation within Southeast Asian Christian diaspora communities remains limited. This qualitative case study examined how Bethel Church Malaysia (BCM) Johor Bahru fostered faith formation among Indonesian Christian migrants. Data were collected through three months of participant observation (November 2025 to April 2026), semi-structured interviews with nine purposively selected participants – seven congregation members and two church leaders – and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings identified three interconnected dimensions of non-formal CRE: contemplative rootedness through biblical devotional practices, communal belonging through faith-based relationships, and civic witness through culturally engaged participation in the host society. These dimensions emerged from the congregation's everyday communal life and were interpreted through 1 Peter 2:11–12, which frames believers as sojourners and exiles, while Jeremiah 29:7 informed their understanding of civic responsibility. The study concludes that diaspora congregations function as intentional environments of non-formal CRE that strengthen spiritual identity, communal resilience, and public witness. It proposes an empirically grounded model of diaspora faith formation with practical implications for Christian ministry and religious education in migrant communities across Southeast Asia. Abstrak Penelitian dalam bidang Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK) menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan iman tidak hanya berlangsung melalui pembelajaran formal, tetapi juga melalui kehidupan komunal gereja. Namun, bukti empiris mengenai bagaimana PAK non-formal membentuk iman pada komunitas diaspora Kristen di Asia Tenggara masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis bagaimana Bethel Church Malaysia (BCM) Johor Bahru membangun pembentukan iman di kalangan migran Kristen Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus kualitatif melalui observasi partisipatif (November 2025 hingga April 2026), wawancara semi-terstruktur terhadap sembilan partisipan terpilih – tujuh anggota jemaat dan dua pemimpin gereja. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik. Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi tiga dimensi yang saling berkaitan dalam PAK non-formal, yaitu keberakaran kontemplatif melalui praktik devosional Alkitabiah, kepemilikan komunal melalui relasi berbasis iman, dan kesaksian publik melalui partisipasi yang terlibat secara budaya dalam masyarakat setempat. Ketiga dimensi tersebut berkembang melalui kehidupan komunal jemaat sehari-hari dan ditafsirkan berdasarkan 1 Petrus 2:11–12, yang menggambarkan orang percaya sebagai pendatang dan perantau, sementara Yeremia 29:7 memberikan landasan bagi pemahaman tentang tanggung jawab sosial. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa gereja diaspora berfungsi sebagai lingkungan PAK nonformal yang secara sengaja memperkuat identitas spiritual, ketahanan komunitas, dan kesaksian publik. Penelitian ini juga menawarkan model empiris pembentukan iman berbasis diaspora yang memberikan implikasi praktis bagi pelayanan gereja dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen pada komunitas migran di Asia Tenggara.
AI and the Crisis of Spiritual Formation: Reconstructing the Philosophy of Christian Religious Education in the Post-Human Era from the Perspectives of Ellul and Heidegger Daniel Agustin; Dewita Silaban; Suset Pasaribu; Ellesion Sitorus; Riris Fitriyani Br Tanggang; Jelita Malau; Toga Hasiholan Siburian
Manthano: Jurnal Pendidikan Kristen Vol 5 No 2 (2026): September
Publisher : Institut Kristen Teologi REAL Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53547/zpwqn605

Abstract

The dominance of artificial intelligence (AI) in education presents both technical and ontological challenges for Christian Religious Education (CRE), which is grounded in spiritual formation, human relationships, and encounter with the Divine. This article aims to analyse the crisis of spiritual formation caused by AI dominance in CRE and to reconstruct a philosophy of CRE centred on the imago Dei in the post-human era. The study employs a qualitative-philosophical approach, library research, and critical correlative hermeneutics, using Jacques Ellul’s theory of technique and Martin Heidegger’s concept of Gestell as critical frameworks. The reconstruction draws on the relational doctrine of the imago Dei and Thomas Groome’s Shared Christian Praxis. The analysis shows that AI dominance can mechanise spirituality, reduce learners to standing-reserve, and displace the contemplative and relational dimensions of CRE. As its contribution, this article proposes a contemplative-relational model of CRE that places exemplary relationships, faith communities, contemplative practices, hermeneutical dialogue with Scripture and tradition, and technology as a serving instrument at the centre of education. This model restores existential reflection, the divine-human relationship, and authentic faith formation as central aims of CRE. Abstrak Dominasi kecerdasan buatan (AI) dalam pendidikan menghadirkan tantangan teknis sekaligus ontologis bagi Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK), yang berakar pada pembentukan spiritual, relasi manusia, dan perjumpaan dengan Yang Ilahi. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis krisis pembentukan spiritual akibat dominasi AI dalam PAK dan merekonstruksi filosofi PAK yang berpusat pada imago Dei dalam era pascamanusia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-filosofis, penelitian kepustakaan, dan hermeneutika korelatif kritis, dengan teori technique Jacques Ellul dan konsep Gestell Martin Heidegger sebagai kerangka kritis. Rekonstruksi kemudian dikembangkan melalui doktrin imago Dei yang relasional dan Shared Christian Praxis Thomas Groome. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dominasi AI dapat memekanisasi spiritualitas, mereduksi peserta didik menjadi standing-reserve, dan menggeser dimensi kontemplatif serta relasional dalam PAK. Sebagai kontribusi, artikel ini menawarkan model PAK kontemplatif-relasional yang menempatkan keteladanan relasional, komunitas iman, praktik kontemplatif, dialog hermeneutis dengan Kitab Suci dan tradisi, serta teknologi sebagai instrumen pelayanan. Model ini menegaskan kembali refleksi eksistensial, relasi ilahi-manusia, dan pembentukan iman autentik sebagai pusat pendidikan.
Artificial Intelligence, Human Agency, and the Threat to Humanity: A Christian Education Perspective Aprilius Nahak; Rachmat Tony SinjoBantaeng; Renni Sipahutar
Manthano: Jurnal Pendidikan Kristen Vol 5 No 2 (2026): September
Publisher : Institut Kristen Teologi REAL Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53547/54dhrs87

Abstract

As generative artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly embedded in education and ministry, Christian education faces the challenge of preserving human agency amid growing reliance on AI systems. This conceptual-theological study examines the implications of AI risks for Christian education and explores how theology can inform the preservation of human dignity and agency. Using qualitative library research and conceptual-thematic analysis, the study draws on literature concerning AI risk, technology ethics, human agency, imago Dei, and Christian education. It argues that the gradual erosion of human agency through habitual delegation represents an everyday dimension of AI risk, potentially weakening human judgement and the capacity to govern AI systems. From a relational understanding of imago Dei, human dignity and moral responsibility transcend intelligence and computational capability. The study proposes Christian AI literacy as a framework comprising four interrelated dimensions: theological, ethical, critical, and humanistic literacy. This framework extends AI education beyond technical competence towards forming responsible persons who preserve human dignity and agency before God, neighbour, and creation. Abstrak Seiring dengan semakin luasnya penggunaan kecerdasan buatan (AI) generatif dalam pendidikan dan pelayanan gerejawi, pendidikan Kristen menghadapi tantangan untuk mempertahankan agensi manusia di tengah meningkatnya ketergantungan pada sistem AI. Penelitian teologis-konseptual ini mengkaji implikasi risiko AI bagi pendidikan Kristen dan mengeksplorasi bagaimana teologi dapat menjadi landasan untuk menjaga martabat dan agensi manusia. Dengan menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan kualitatif dan analisis tematik-konseptual, penelitian ini mengkaji literatur tentang risiko AI, etika teknologi, agensi manusia, teologi imago Dei, dan pendidikan Kristen. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa terkikisnya agensi manusia secara bertahap akibat kebiasaan mendelegasikan tugas kepada AI merupakan dimensi risiko AI dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang berpotensi melemahkan penilaian manusia dan kemampuannya untuk mengendalikan sistem AI. Berdasarkan pemahaman relasional tentang imago Dei, martabat dan tanggung jawab moral manusia melampaui kecerdasan dan kemampuan komputasional. Penelitian ini mengusulkan literasi AI Kristen yang mencakup empat dimensi yang saling berkaitan, yaitu literasi teologis, etis, kritis, dan humanistik. Kerangka ini memperluas pendidikan AI melampaui kompetensi teknis menuju pembentukan pribadi yang bertanggung jawab dalam menjaga martabat dan agensi manusia di hadapan Allah, sesama, dan ciptaan.
Konten Renungan Digital dalam Pembentukan Formasi Spiritual Generasi Z: Perspektif Pendidikan Agama Kristen Yosua Feliciano Camerling; Revaldi Tri Wira Atan; Nela Bura Parrang
Manthano: Jurnal Pendidikan Kristen Vol 5 No 2 (2026): September
Publisher : Institut Kristen Teologi REAL Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53547/1axm8k44

Abstract

Digital media has become part of how Generation Z encounters religious messages and explores faith. This study examined the role of digital devotional content in spiritual formation from a Christian Religious Education perspective. It used an integrative literature review of scholarly works on Generation Z, digital religion, spiritual formation, and Christian education, with particular attention to Indonesian contexts and publications from 2020 to 2026. The literature was analysed through identification, thematic categorisation, comparison, and theological-pedagogical synthesis. The findings highlighted four features of digital devotions: conciseness, multimodal presentation, emotional-reflective engagement, and contextual-interactive engagement. These features could encourage biblical engagement and faith practice, although short-form content also risked limiting biblical understanding and weakening connections with faith communities. The study proposed a five-stage conceptual model: catalyst, text, reflection, praxis, and community. The model offered a framework for developing digital devotions that connect biblical teaching with reflection, daily practice, and Christian community.  Abstrak Media digital telah menjadi bagian dari kehidupan Generasi Z dalam menerima pesan keagamaan dan memahami iman. Penelitian ini mengkaji peran konten renungan digital dalam pembentukan spiritualitas dari perspektif Pendidikan Agama Kristen. Penelitian menggunakan tinjauan literatur integratif terhadap kajian tentang Generasi Z, agama digital, pembentukan spiritualitas, dan pendidikan Kristen, dengan perhatian pada konteks Indonesia dan publikasi tahun 2020–2026. Literatur dianalisis melalui tahap identifikasi, pengelompokan tema, perbandingan temuan, serta sintesis teologis-pedagogis. Hasil kajian menunjukkan empat karakteristik renungan digital, yaitu pesan ringkas, penyajian multimodal, keterlibatan emosional-reflektif, dan interaksi kontekstual. Karakteristik ini dapat mendorong keterlibatan dengan Alkitab dan praktik iman, tetapi konten singkat juga berisiko membatasi pemahaman Alkitab dan mengurangi keterhubungan dengan komunitas iman. Penelitian ini mengusulkan model konseptual lima tahap: katalisator, teks, refleksi, praksis, dan komunitas. Model ini menawarkan kerangka untuk menyusun renungan digital yang menghubungkan pengajaran Alkitab dengan refleksi, praktik hidup, dan komunitas Kristen.

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