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Journal of Applied Chemical Science
Published by JACSONLINE
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 10 Documents
 1 
Search results for , issue "Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013" : 10 Documents clear
The Characteristics of Synthetic Chitosan Prepared from Snail Shells of Achatina Fulica Jacob A. Frans; Suwari; Luther Kadang
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

A synthetic chitosan prepared from snail shells of achatina fulica has been done. The chitosan was yielded by the isolation stages that involved deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation that was by NaOH 3.5%, HCl 1 M, and 50% NaOH, respectively, and followed by determination of moisture content, ash content, viscosity, degree of deacetylation and functional groups. The moisture and ash contents were determined by a gravimetric method, the viscosity was by Ostwald instrument, while the degree of deacetylation and the functional groups were by FT-IR. The results showed that using those protocols provided 23.20% of chitosan content from the original snail shell material. The chitosan yielded had (in %) moisture and ash contents, viscosity, and degree of deacetylation were 0.24, 20.0, 198.3, and 68.5%, respectively. The functional group detected that involved –OH group was appeared at 3433.06 cm-1, while the -CH2- asymmetry and -CH2- symmetry were appeared at 2923.88 cm-1 and 2875.67 cm-1, respectively. The functional groups of -CH3-, C=O amide, and C-N aliphatic amines were appeared at 2979 cm-1, 1789.82 cm-1, and 1494.73 cm-1, respectively. The twin band of -NH2 was not found because of overlapping occurred between the -OH and-NH amine groups.
The Acid-Activated Sand Potentially Ameliorates Water Calcium Content Hermania Em Wogo; Yoseph J. Hema; Suwari
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

The sand activation using three types of acids namely HNO3 0.1 M, H2SO4 1 M, and H3PO4 14 M have been done. The acid-activated sand was used as adsorbent of calcium ions (Ca2+) contained in hard water. The study was firstly determined the chemical contents of the sand using Energy Dispersive Xray Fluorescence instrument and followed by determination of the sand surface area using methylene blue and it’s surface acidity by titration. The experiment conducted with absence of the acid was carried out as an control. The results showed that the sand contained 47.95 % of SiO2 and 18.79% of Fe2O3. The highest surface area was found at the sample activated by H3PO4 14 M (27.73 m2/g). The surface area activated by H2SO4 1 M and HNO3 0.1 M were 26.56 and 25.59 m2/g, respectively. Highest surface acidity was found at the sample activated by H3PO4 14 M (299.60 µmol/gram), while those treated with H2SO4 1 M and HNO3 0.1M were 277.70 and 204.80 µmol/gram, respectively. That was, however, the sample without acid activation had surface acidity of 113.60 µmol/gram. Furthermore, the sand activated by H3PO4 14 M maximally absorbed 892.86 μmol Ca/g sand and those activated by H2SO4 1 M and HNO3 0.1M maximally absorbed 847.46 and 684.93 μmol Ca/g sand, respectively; whereas the sand without activation maximally absorbed 510.20 μmol Ca/g sand. Those results indicate that higher surface area higher surface acidity and higher capability of the calcium ion absorptions. Therefore, the acids-activated sand potentially reduces calcium ions content of hard water.
Antioxidant Activities of Chloroform and Aqueous Fractions of Myrmecodia Pendenss Extract: A Preliminary Study Yohanes Buang; Ermelinda Noya; Pius D. Ola; Theo Da Cunha
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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There have been elucidated the antioxidant activities of chloroform and aqueous fractions of methanol extracts isolated from myrmecodia pendenss. The study was firstly started by maceration of myrmecodia pendenss powder in certain quantity of pure methanol solvent and followed by gradual partition of the methanol extract with chloroform and distillated water and then purified with column chromatography. The chemical contents migrated into both those later solvents were detected by GC-MS and their functional groups were detected by FT-IR instruments. Thereafter, the antioxidant activities of the migrated compounds in each those solvents were determined using hydrogen peroxide protocol and the absorbance was measured at 240 nm. The ascorbic acid solution was used as control. The results showed that FT-IR spectrum showed methylene and ethene groups are existed within the compounds contained by the extracts as well as the hydroxyl, carbonyl, aromatic, and keton groups. Furthermore, the GC-MS spectrum indicated the compounds that are existed within the chloroform and the aqueous fractions of the extract. The average absorbances of compounds contained within the chloroform and aqueous fractions were 0.161 and 0.112, respectively, whereas that of the control was 0.085. Those absorbance data conclusively indicated that higher absorbance higher residue of chromophore content existed within the fraction and higher failures of hydroxylation reactions. It was however, the antioxidant activities of the aqueous fractions were higher than those of the chloroform fractions.
Phytochemical Identification and Characterization of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Stem Bark of Tadalinu (Grewia Eriocarpa Juss) Natalia C. Radjah; Febri O. Nitbani; Alfius R. Kale
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

The phytochemical tests, isolations, and characterizations of secondary metabolites in methanol extract of stem bark of Tadalinu (Grewia eriocarpa Juss) have been conducted. The aims of the study were to describe the chemical composition of metabolites and to isolate the flavonoid group compounds in the Tadalinu plant. The results showed that the initial phytochemical tests for saponin, tritepenoid, tannin and the group of flavonoid compounds involve antosianidin, flavonol, chalcone and auron extracted were positive. The rendement of methanol-water (v/v) extract was 34.55%. This extract was then partitioned with petroleum ether and chloroform and performed the phytochemical test for the flavonoid contents existed in the water, petroleum ether, and chloroform layers. The water layer was positive for flavonoid but the other layers were negative. The water layer was further used to isolated the flavonoid group compounds contained using chromatography column with silica gel as stationary phase and n-butanol: acetat acid: water (3:1:6) as the mobile phase and yielding 53 fractions. Based on the differences of their colors, those fractions were then collected into 4 fractions; the fraction 2 and 3 were positive for flavonoids. The FT-IR spectrum of both fractions showed that the functional groups of –OH (3423.41 cm-1), C-O (1029.92 cm-1 and 1072.35 cm-1), aromatic C=C (1639.38 cm-1), and aliphatic C-H (2875.67 cm-1 - 2960.53 cm-1) were existed within those both fractions.
The Water Quality Status of Kupang Tilong Dam Reported by the Pollution Index Parameters Nurlailah D. Kartika; Suwari; Luther Kadang
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

There has been reported the water quality status of Kupang Tilong Dam using pollution index parameters. The water samples were taken from five stations and determined using purposive sampling method. The pollution index parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solid suspended (TSS), N-nitrate, P-phospate, and water discharge. The results showed that temperature and pH were 25-28.5ºC and 7.54-7.61 pH units, respectively, while the DO, BOD, COD, TSS, N-nitrate, and P-phosphate values (in mg/L) were 8.26-12.5, 1.63-3.04, 11.26-47.37, 4.73-6.28, 0.019-0.043, and 0.01-0.16 mg/L, respectively. The pollution loads detected on station I within water discharges of 250 m3/s could receive the BOD, COD and TSS loads by 236.67, 3681.16, and 488.52 tons/year, respectively. While the station II within water discharges of 0.15 m3/s could receive 126783.01, 2210094.72, and 290587.56 tons/year, respectively. Those results indicated that the water quality status of Kupang Tilong Dam is in a state between a good quality up to a slight polluted that was 0.80 to 3.18 of pollution index value.
Utilization of Java Acid Seed (Tamarindus indica) Extract as a Coagulant in Tofu Waste Treatment Process: Short Communication Meri Letik; Luther Kadang; Suwari
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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A study concerning the utilization of java acid seed (tamarindus indica) extract as a coagulant to be developed further for tofu wastewater treatment has been conducted. This study aimed to determine the optimum concentration of tamarind seed coagulant and to know the ability of the coagulant to reduce the concentration of total solid suspended (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and amonia at optimum pH and temperature. In this study, jar-test method was used to confirm the effective dose of tamarind seed extract in reducing turbidity of the water samples analyzed. The applied concentrations of the seed extracts were 2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm. The results showed that the optimum dosage to reduce TSS, BOD and ammonia was 2000 mg/L and the COD was 4000 mg/L . At the optimum concentrations, the coagulant ameliorated up to 92.92% of BOD, 91.30% of COD, 83.34% of TSS, and 97.46% of ammonia levels and the water treated was found visually clear. Those results conclusively indicates that the coagulant made from the tamarind seed ameliorates effectively the BOD, COD, TSS, and ammonia contents as well as the turbidity levels of the water samples flowing from the tofu industry.
The Effects of Rice Washing and Storage of White Rice in Magic Com on Vitamin B1 (Thiamine hydrochloride) Contents Marieta H. Ilatha; Luther Kadang; Febri O. Nitbani
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

There has been conducted the research to know the effect of rice washing and white rice storage in magic com against vitamin B1 (tiamin hydrochloride) contents. The water used in rice washing was tap water and aquadest. The presences of the building block elements of the vitamin B1 in washing water qualitatively indicated the effects of each type of the water, while the contents of the vitamin either in rice or in washing water was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at wave length of 385 nm. The results showed that the sulfur and chlorine elements, the building block elements of the vitamin, were found in tape water but those elements were not found in aquadest. The vitamin contents of the rice in magic com was up to 0.214 mg/kg, the washing water of stage I, II, and III were 0.096, 0.094, and 0.183 mg/L, respectively. Those results conclusively indicate that the elements contained by the washing water determine the presences of the vitamin building block elements in the rice washing water and therefore reduced the vitamin contents of the rice. The more interesting information of this study was reported in the main article.
The Amelioration of BOD and COD Levels in Tofu Industry Liquid Waste by the Extracts of Moringa Seeds (moringa oleifera L.) and Activated Carbon of the Corn Cob (Zea mays L.) Nurhadyati; Bibiana D. Tawa; Febri O. Nitbani
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

There has been conducted a research to measure effectiveness of moringa seeds (moringa oleifera L) extract as biokoagulan and the activated carbon of corn cob (Zea mays, L) as adsorbent to ameliorate the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) contents in tofu industry liquid waste. The used metods were, first method, the coagulation-floculation using moringa seed extract in various concentrations of 5000, 5200, and 5400 ppm, and the activated carbon of corn cob at concentration of 26.67 ppm and the second, the combination of coagulation/floculation with adsorption method. The results showed that the initial values of the COD and BOD of the tofu liquid waste were 1048.8 mg/L and dan 201.78 mg/L, respectively. The separated koagulation-floculation process provided maximum concentration of moringa seed extract was 5200 ppm and able to reduce COD and BOD levels respectively up to 555.07 and 161,68mg/L, while using 26.67 ppm of corn cob activated carbon could reduce the COD and BOD levels respectively up to512.13 and 115.42 mg/L; whereas the combination of coagulation/floculation-adsorption method utilizing 5200 ppm of biocoagulan and 26.67 ppm of the activated carbon yielded those COD and BOD levels respectively up to 272.93 and 73.07 mg/L. Referring to the SNI standard, these COD and BOD values meet the demand quality standard required. Both moringa seed extract and the corn cob activated carbon are prospective material to maintain COD and BOD levels of water flowing from the tofu industry.
Antibacterial Activities of Ranting Patah Tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli) Extract: Short Communication Sesilia I. Napa; Theo Da Cunha; Yohanes Buang
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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There have been studied the antibacterial activities of ranting patah tulang (euphorbia tirucalli) extracts against the growth of salmonella thyposa (gram negative) bacteria. The study was firstly started to isolate the antibacterial components of euphorbia tirucalli that was soluble in methanol. Thereafter, the methanol solvent was evaporated to yield powder and the powder was used to prepare the extract concentrations in each petri dish as of following levels that were 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 50.0, 80.0, and 100.0 %, respectively. The 0.0 % of euphorbia tirucalli extracts and 1.0 % of erythromycin in each petri dish served as the controls. The results showed that the clear zone of petri dish containing the bacteria and each those extracts were 36.7±5.8, 40.0±10.0, 43.3±5.8, 60.0±10.0, 66.7±5.0, 70.0±10.0, and 76.7±5.8 mm, respectively. The clear zone of both those controls containing the bacteria were 63.3±5.8 mm. Those results indicate that higher extract concentration higher the clear zone area of the petri dish. Therefore, the euphorbia tirucalli extract potentially inhibits the growth of the salmonella thyposa (gram negative) bacteria.
The Antibacterial Activities of the Extracts Isolated from the Aruda Leaf (Ruta angustifolia) Digested in Polar, Semipolar, and Nonpolar Solvents Windy Taebenu; Febri O. Nitbani; Hermania E. Wogo
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

A research has been done to know content of metabolit sekunder and antibacterial activity of polar, semipolar and nonpolar extract aruda leaf (Ruta angustifolia). Aruda leaf extract obtained with method of maceration, while antibacterial activity test carried out by the method of dilution and diffusion agar method against Escherichia coli (gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive). Metabolit sekunder of content implied in aruda leaf (Ceiba pentandra) that is triterpenoid, flavonoid, saponin, polifenol, tanin and alkaloid. The result of research with dilution method that methanol extract have rate value pursue minimum (KHM) equal 20% for the bacterium Escherichia coli of and not have rate value pursue minimum (KHM) for the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Ethyl acetate extract have rate value pursue minimum (KHM) equal to 10% of Escherichia Coli and not have of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, while petroleum ether extract have not rate value pursue minimum (KHM) for the Escherichia Coli bacteria and for the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results showed that the diffusion method with methanol extract have inhibition diameter of bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus is 1,97 mm and 1,8 mm. Ethyl acetate extract average inhibition diameter is 2,33 mm in the Escherichia coli bacteria and the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 1.93 mm while the petroleum ether extract average inhibiton diameter 1,6 mm in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and of inhibition diameter against the Escherichia Coli bacteria is 1,73 mm.

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