Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society
Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society disseminates new research results in all areas of mathematics and their applications. Besides research articles, the journal also receives survey papers that stimulate research in mathematics and their applications.
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ON QUASI BI-SLANT RIEMANNIAN MAPS FROM LORENTZIAN PARA SASAKIAN MANIFOLDS
Prasad, Rajendra;
Kumar, Sushil;
Singh, Punit Kumar
Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society Vol. 30 No. 2 (2024): JULY
Publisher : IndoMS
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DOI: 10.22342/jims.30.2.1086.307-320
We first introduce quasi bi-slant Riemannian maps and study such Riemannian maps from Lorentzian para Sasakian manifolds into Riemannian manifolds. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the integrability of the distributions which are involved in the definition of the quasi bi-slant Riemannian map and investigate their leaves. We also obtain totally geodesic conditions for such maps. Moreover, we provide some examples for this notion.
ON QUANTUM CODES CONSTRUCTION FROM CONSTACYCLIC CODES OVER THE RING I_q[u,v] /
Ali, Shakir;
Sharma, Pushpendra
Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society Vol. 30 No. 2 (2024): JULY
Publisher : IndoMS
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DOI: 10.22342/jims.30.2.1587.139-159
This paper focuses on studying the properties of constacyclic codes, quantum error-correcting codes. The code is studied over a specific mathematical structure called the ring $\mathfrak{S}$, which is defined as $\mathfrak{S}=\mathfrak{I}_q[\mathfrak{u},\mathfrak{v}]/\langle \mathfrak{u}^2-\alpha^2,~ \mathfrak{v}^2-\alpha^2,~\mathfrak{u}\mathfrak{v}-\mathfrak{v}\mathfrak{u} \rangle$, where $\mathfrak{I}_q$ is a finite field of $q$ elements, $\alpha$ be the nonzero elements of the field $\mathfrak{I}_q$ and $q$ is a power of an odd prime $p$ such that $q=p^m, ~\textup{for}~ m \ge 1$. The paper also introduces a Gray map and use it to decompose constacyclic codes over the ring $\mathfrak{S}$ into a direct sum of constacyclic codes over $\mathfrak{I}_q$. We construct new and better quantum error-correcting codes over the ring $\mathfrak{S}$ (cf.; Table 1 and Table 2). Moreover, we also obtain best known linear codes as well as best dimension linear codes (cf.; Table 4).
CERTAIN TYPES OF DERIVATIONS IN RINGS: A SURVEY
Ali, Shakir;
Rafiquee, Naira Noor;
Varshney, Vaishali
Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society Vol. 30 No. 2 (2024): JULY
Publisher : IndoMS
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DOI: 10.22342/jims.30.2.1623.256-306
In this overview article, we provide a historical account on derivations, Jordan derivations, (α, β)-derivations, left derivations, pre-derivations, homoderivations, nilpotent derivations, and other variants, drawing from the contributions of multiple researchers. Additionally, we delve into recent findings and suggest potential avenues for future investigation in this area. Furthermore, we offer pertinent examples to illustrate that the assumptions underlying various results are indeed necessary and not redundant.
SUKUK VERSUS BONDS: MATHEMATICALLY LITERATURE STUDY
Murniati, Wahyuning;
Sumarti, Novriana;
Puspita, Dila
Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society Vol. 30 No. 2 (2024): JULY
Publisher : IndoMS
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DOI: 10.22342/jims.30.2.1774.160-178
Based on IIFM Sukuk Report 2022, global sukuk issuance has shown a single digit increase of around 7.72\%, the highest value of yearly sukuk issuances to date. This fact shows that sukuk is increasingly popular and will continue to grow in the future, encourages more research related to this subject. Sukuk, as one of the innovative investment instruments in Islamic finance, is often equated to conventional bonds. However, the existing literature primarily concentrates on its structures and mechanisms, largely overlooking the pricing aspects of both sukuk and bonds. Therefore, this study will discuss pricing in mathematical terms for the two investment instruments discussed. More particularly, this paper covers the Indonesian Sukuk system’s operation. Numerical simulations have been done, using the characteristics of several varieties of Indonesian Sukuk and a variety of defined inputs. These mathematics simulation used to comprehend the technical aspects of sukuk and understand the principles of Islamic finance. The results of this study indicate that while some studies claim that sukuk's structure resembles bonds and that the pricing is determined accordingly, the comparison of both instruments prices provided no results consistent with the claims. Further study is required to examine the sukuk pricing mechanism, particularly in determining the value of profit sharing on sukuk.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE BINO-TRINOMIAL METHOD USING THE FUZZY SET APPROACH FOR OPTION PRICING
Agustina, Fitriani;
Sumarti, Novriana;
Sidarto, Kuntjoro Adji
Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society Vol. 30 No. 2 (2024): JULY
Publisher : IndoMS
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DOI: 10.22342/jims.30.2.1775.179-204
An option is a financial instrument that investors often use for speculation or hedging purposes. Calculating the profit in the investment using options also considers its price, so the investor needs to know the proper value of the option's price or at least the range of these values. This paper aims to improve the Bino-Trinomial tree model for determining the price of a European call option with a volatility parameter in the form of a triangular Fuzzy number. The Bino-Trinomial tree model is a combination of the Binomial and Trinomial trees that aims to control the values of its branches. Due to the involvement of the Fuzzy number, the obtained value of the option price is in a range or interval, so the investor could use it appropriately in arranging investment strategies. In the proposed model, the Fuzzy volatility parameter is utilized to capture the uncertainty of the estimated volatility in the financial market which can fluctuate from time to time. This parameter is expected to provide reasonable ranges and appropriate Fuzzy membership functions for option pricing so that investors can expect different optimal values for different risk preferences. We also adjusted the formulation of the increase and decrease factors in the Fuzzy Binomial tree to model stock price movements. Using different values of the volatility's sensitivity level and the option period, the results of numerical simulations show that prices of European call options given by the market are always within the option price range of the proposed model's result. Likewise, the results of the defuzzification of options prices in our Fuzzy Bino-Trinomial tree model are not much different from the prices given by the market. This shows that the Fuzzy Bino-Trinomial tree model performs better in determining the price of European call options than the Fuzzy Binomial tree and Fuzzy Trinomial models.
CONTROLLING THE BORROWER POPULATION OF P2P LENDING MODELS
Gunadi, Audri Utami;
Handayani, Dewi
Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society Vol. 30 No. 2 (2024): JULY
Publisher : IndoMS
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DOI: 10.22342/jims.30.2.1778.236-255
P2P lending, commonly called online lending, is a service provider institution that provides borrowing and lending services in rupiah currency through an electronic system. The growth of P2P lending has increased rapidly since the pandemic of COVID-19 and led to an increase in the number of borrowers. Meanwhile, crime has also increased as many people can’t repay their loans. The chain of P2P lending must be controlled to suppress the growth of the population of people with online loans. This study constructs two P2P lending models by modifying the Kermack-McKendrick Epidemic Model. The population is divided into three sub populations: potential individuals, borrowers, and payers. Optimal control is used to suppress the population growth of borrower individuals through socialization with potential individuals or people with work potential and providing payment assistance for borrowers. This study constructs several optimal control scenarios for the two P2P lending models. From the comparison of optimal control scenarios, the optimal control recommendations that can suppress the population growth of borrower is to provide socialization to people with work potential and payment assistance for the borrower population.
LOAN BENCHMARK INTEREST RATE IN BANKING DUOPOLY MODEL WITH HETEROGENEOUS EXPECTATION
Ansori, Moch. Fandi
Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society Vol. 30 No. 2 (2024): JULY
Publisher : IndoMS
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DOI: 10.22342/jims.30.2.1779.205-217
A loan benchmark interest rate policy always becomes a challenging problem in the banking industry since it has a role in controlling bank loan expansion, especially when there is competition between two banks. This paper aims to assess the influence of the loan benchmark interest rate on the expansion of loans between two banks. We present a banking duopoly model in the form of two-dimensional difference equations which is constructed from heterogeneous expectation, where one of the banks sets its optimal loan volume based on the other bank’s rational expectation. The model’s equilibrium is investigated, and its stability is analyzed using the Jury stability condition. Investigation indicates that to ensure the stability of the banking loan equilibrium, it is advisable to establish a loan benchmark interest rate that is lower than the flip bifurcation value. Some numerical simulations, such as the bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponent, and chaotic attractor, are presented to confirm the analytical findings.
HIDDEN MARKOV REPRESENTATION OF MICROCREDIT
Giva, Maria Angela;
Luy, Jasmin-Mae;
Segui, Mary Elizabeth
Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society Vol. 30 No. 2 (2024): JULY
Publisher : IndoMS
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DOI: 10.22342/jims.30.2.1782.218-235
Microcredit is a method of lending small amounts of money to low-income individuals who have no access to traditional financial institutions. Upon applying for a loan, an individual may either be able to repay it and be granted a loan again, otherwise s/he demands for a new loan. These events influence certain factors, which can be illustrated through a hidden Markov model (HMM). This study provides a hidden Markov representation of microcredit taking into consideration the borrower's acquisition of small businesses. Model algorithms used in addressing the problems in HMM, such as the Viterbi algorithm, are discussed and implemented via numerical examples.
GLOBAL STABILITY OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL MODEL WITH QUARANTINE AND VACCINATION
Yaagoub, Zakaria;
Sadki, Marya;
Allali, Karam
Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society Vol. 30 No. 2 (2024): JULY
Publisher : IndoMS
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DOI: 10.22342/jims.30.2.1452.321-337
In this paper, we suggest a spatio-temporal epidemic model for coronavirus. Our model will be represented by a system of six partial differential non-linear equations that describe the dynamics of susceptible, exposed, infected, quarantined, removed, and vaccinated individuals. We will start the study of this model by presenting some results of the existence and uniqueness to the solution of our suggested model. By using the method of next-generation matrix, we obtain the basic reproduction number. The model has one disease-free equilibrium point and another endemic steady state. The global stability of these steady states is proved by using some Lyapunouv functions. Finally, different numerical simulations are given to confirm our results given in the theoretical part of the paper.