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Wacana, Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora
Published by Universitas Brawijaya
ISSN : 14110199     EISSN : 23381884     DOI : https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.wacana
Core Subject : Economy, Humanities, Social,
Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences
This journal has a focus on inter and multidisciplinary studies of social sciences and humanities. The scope is the socio-cultural phenomenon, the history, and transformation of society, changes, and stagnation of socio-political institutions, actor orientation, and behavior, the performance of political regimes and socio-economic structures. The scope is not limited by state, nation, temporal duration, certain ideas, and narrow beliefs. This journal is open to various approaches, theories, methodologies, research methods carried out by scientists, academics, researchers and practitioners in the fields and disciplines: economics, social, political science, government studies, international relations, sociology, anthropology, demography, history, religious and cultural studies, philosophy of science, communication science, and development studies.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
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EFISIENSI PEMASARAN JAMBU METE DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT (Studi Kasus di Sentra Produksi Bayan) Titi - Yuniarti; Umar - Burhan; M.Muslich - Mustadjab
Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 (2009)
Publisher : Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya

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ABSTRAK   Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efisiensi pemasaran melalui saluran pemasaran, struktur pasar, prilaku pasar, dan penampilan pasar (S-C-P) sebagai indikator efisiensi pemasaran. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis S-C-P yang meliputi analisis integrasi pasar vertikal, elastisitas transmisi harga, margin pemasaran, share harga dan analisis biaya dan keuntungan pemasaran. Hasilnya menunjukkan, saluran pemasaran 90 % melalui pedagang pengumpul mulai tingkat desa, kecamatan, kabupaten / pengolah kemudian ketingkat pengecer. Struktur pasar mengarah kepada pasar yang tidak bersaing sempurna cenderung monopsoni dan oligopsoni, pasar tidak terintegrasi secara vertikal, share harga yang diterima petani rendah, margin pemasaran cukup tinggi, distribusi margin di antara lembaga pemasaran di ke-3 saluran pemasaran kurang adil, namun rasio keuntungan dan biaya pemasaran cukup proporsional.   Kata kunci:  lambu-mete, pemasaran   ABSTRACT   This study designated to observe distributions in cashew farming, marketing channel, market structure, market conduct, market performance, which are the indicators of marketing efficiency. The S-C-P includes analysis of market integration, price transmission elasticity, and marketing margin, price-share and profit-cost analyses. The result shows that the distribution chain is 90% dominated by traders who collect cashew fruit from the level of the village, the sub district, the regency or factory then to the retailer. The market structure tends to be monopsony and oligopsony, the market is not integrated vertically, the farmers get low share of price, the marketing margin is quite high, the margin distribution among the three marketing chain is not fair, but the profit ratio and the distribution cost is quite proportional.   Keywords: cashew, marketing
ANALISIS EKSPOR KOPI INDONESIA SRI - WIDAYANTI; S. M. Kiptiyah - -; M. Iksan - Semaoen
Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 (2009)
Publisher : Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya

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ABSTRACT   This study aimed at analyzing, firstly, the factors influencing the coffee export of Indonesia; secondly, the factors influencing the domestic coffee supply; and thirdly, the factors influencing the domestic coffee demand. This research used secondary data, time series data of 1975–1997 which were collected from many resources, i.e. Statistical Center Bureau (BPS), Trade Department, Indonesian Coffee Exporter Association, Forestry and Commercial Agricultural Enterprise Department, and the Indonesian Bank. The factors influencing the coffee export of Indonesia as well as the domestic coffee demand and supply were analyzed by simultaneous equation model in the form of double logarithm using the two stage least square method (2SLS). The research results show that the factors influencing the export quantity of coffee were the coffee FOB price, the coffee price in domestic markets, the exchange rate and the coffee supply of the previous year. The coffee export price had negative correlation with the coffee export quantity of Indonesia with export supply elasticity toward the export price of 2.04. In other words, the increase of coffee export price was followed by the decrease of coffee export quantity. This condition was due to the low quality of the coffee export of Indonesia. The coffee price at domestic markets has positive correlation with the coffee export quantity of Indonesia. Export was still conducted when the coffee price at domestic markets increased because the demand for domestic coffee was still very low. Other factors positively influencing the coffee export quantity were the exchange rate of rupiah and the coffee supply of the previous year. The factors influencing the domestic coffee supply were the domestic coffee price, technology level and the coffee supply of the previous year. The domestic coffee price positively related to the coffee supply at domestic markets with a supply elasticity of 0.04. This means that the coffee farmers in Indonesia insufficiently responded to the change of price as shown by the low adjustment coefficient of 0.07. The technology level had positive correlation with the domestic coffee supply. This implies that the increase in coffee productivity yielded an increase in coffee supply at domestic level. The factor influencing the coffee demand at domestic level was the income level of the society with the coffee demand elasticity toward the income of 0.59.   Keywords: Coffea, export abstrak   Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ekspor kopi Indonesia, (2) untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap penawaran kopi dalam negeri, (3) untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap permintaan kopi dalam negeri. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder, data time series dari tahun 1975-1997 yang dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber data antara lain Biro Pusat Statistik, Departemen Perdagangan, Asosiasi Eksportir Kopi Indonesia, Departemen Kehutanan dan Perkebunan dan Bank Indonesia.  Untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap ekspor kopi Indonesia, permintaan dan penawaran dalam negeri digunakan model persamaan simultan dalam bentuk double logaritma dengan metode two stage least square (2SLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kuantitas ekspor kopi Indonesia adalah harga ekspor  kopi (harga FOB), harga kopi dalam negeri nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dollar Amerika dan penawaran kopi tahun t-1. Harga ekspor kopi berhubungan negatif dengan kuantitas ekspor kopi Indonesia dengan elastisitas penawaran ekspor terhadap harga ekspor sebesar 2,04, ini berarti bahwa pada saat harga ekspor meningkat kuantitas ekspor kopi Indonesia menurun. Keadaan ini disebabkan karena mutu kopi Indonesia yang masih rendah sehingga tidak memenuhi kualitas yang diminta konsumen luar negeri. Harga kopi dalam negeri berhubungan positif dengan kuantitas ekspor kopi Indonesia, tetap dilakukannya aktivitas ekspor pada saat harga kopi dalam negeri meningkat disebabkan karena permintaan kopi dalam negeri yang masih sangat rendah. Faktor-faktor lain yang berpengaruh positif terhadap kuantitas ekspor kopi adalah nilai tukar rupiah dan penawaran kopi tahun t-1. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap penawaran kopi dalam negeri adalah harga kopi dalam negeri, tingkat teknologi dan penawaran kopi tahun t-1. Harga kopi dalam negeri berhubungan positif terhadap penawaran kopi dalam negeri dengan elastisitas penawaran sebesar 0,04, ini berarti bahwa petani kopi Indonesia kurang merespon secara baik terjadinya perubahan harga, hal ini didukung dengan besarnya koefisien penyesuaian yang cukup rendah yaitu sebesar 0,07. Tingkat teknologi berhubungan positif dengan penawaran kopi dalam negeri, ini berarti bahwa meningkatnya produktivitas kopi menyebabkan penawaran kopi dalam negeri juga meningkat. Faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap permintaan kopi dalam negeri adalah tingkat pendapatan masyarakat dengan elastisitas permintaan kopi terhadap pendapatan sebesar 0,59.   Kata kunci: kopi, ekspor.
ANALISIS EKSPOR IKAN TUNA INDONESIA Indriana - Yudiarosa
Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 (2009)
Publisher : Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya

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ABSTRACT   Facing the  free trade era, Indonesia needs to reorganize its export strategies with not mainly depending on oil and gas sector only. In relation to this, tuna as Indonesia’s export commodity has plate an important role but presently Indonesia can only contribute 7% of the world tuna supply. Being one of the country which have unused tunas potensial  up to 53,7%, Indonesia’s opportunity to supply world market is the large. This studied was aimed at analyzing; factors influencing Indonesia’s tunas export; factors  influencing domestic supply of tunas; predicting tunas export in the next 5 years (2000 –2005) and study marketing strategies that effect Indonesia’s export of tuna. To analyze factors that influenced tunas export and domestic supply of tunas, simultan equation in the form of double logarithma with two stage least square (2SLS) methods were used. Meanwhile, export development were analyzed with trend analysis and tunas export strategies with SWOT analysis. Result of this study showed that, tunas export price,  tunas export  tax, exchange rate and tunas export the previous year effected tunas export.Factors that influenced domestic tuna supplies were domestic prices of tunas and domestic supplies of tunas the previous year.       Tunas export prediction from 2000 – 2005 drawn from the trend analysis; shows an increase in export by average of 1.06%. Hopefully this will be followed by increase in tunas production by an average of 1.27%. Increase in tunas export must be supported by marketing strategies.Marketing strategies that can be carried out based on the SWOT analysis are improving infrastucture, transfer of technology for fleet and catch material, improvement in the quality and quantity of the product , marketing research and upgrading cooperation with importing countries.   Keywords: tuna fish, export
ANALISIS VARIABEL KEBERHASILAN KUD (Studi Kasus di KUD Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin, Sumatera Selatan) BAIDOWI - -; Agus - Suman; M. Umar - Burhan
Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 (2009)
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ABSTRACT   The aims of this research are to determine (1) the effect of variables to the success of cooperation in achieving an autonomous village cooperative;  (2) to determine which of the seven variables has the strongest effect on the success of the village cooperative. This research was mainly on the village cooperatives running in providing food and distributing production tools such as fertilizer, pesticide, prime seeds, and so on, in the Musi Banyuasin regency, South Sumatra province. The research location was determined based on the fact that the Musi Banyuasin Regency is one of the regencies located in South Sumatera which succeeded in developing the autonomous village cooperative. Sampling was applied to the village cooperatives which had been operating for more than two years and had corporate body at the time of investigation. As many as 47 autonomous village cooperatives were selected from the 147 available in the Musi Banyuasin regency. A village cooperative is considered autonomous if it has fulfilled the 13 criteria of the Department of Cooperative. To measure the success of the cooperative, several indicators are used, they are Profit Margin, Liquidity Ratio, and Solvability Ratio. The variables influencing the success of the village cooperative in becoming an autonomous cooperative are member’s participation, operation volume, the board’s education, board’s experience, capital growth, business variation and service of the village cooperative involved. The regression and regression coefficient test simultaneously showed highly significant influence on the indicators of profit margin, liquidity and solvability. This means that the suggested variables statistically determined toward the success of the village cooperative. The t-significance at a=1% showed that two variables highly influenced the success of the village cooperative, they were the operation volume and capital growth. This fulfils the autonomous cooperative criteria: the total operation volume has to be in proportion with the number of members and the capital equity has to be at least 25 million rupiah. This indicates that the core of success for the village cooperative rests on the operation volume and the capital growth: the higher the operation volume and capital growth, the better the marketing and financial performance of the village cooperative. From the management handling perspective, it is indicated that the higher the board’s education and the longer the experience, the higher the success of the village cooperative.   Keywords: village cooperative.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI PADI Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Nogosari, Boyolali, Jawa Tengah MAHANANTO - -; Salyo - Sutrisno; Candra - F Ananda
Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 (2009)
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ABSTRACT The objective of this research were to analyze factors influencing the increase of rice production and to analyze the optimum use of production factors on the rice farming. This research was held in October 1999 on 120 farmer in 4 villages of Nogosari-Subdistrict, Boyolali-Regency, Central Java-Province. The data collecting method was divided to in two stages. First, to determine the village sampling done by using a stritified random sampling method and second, to determine the farmers done by a simple random sampling method. The method of collecting data was done an interview using quesionaire instrument. The results of this research were: The used simultaneously model showed that the factors such as the cultivated land width, the quantityof effective labours, the quantity of fertilizers, the quantity of pesticides, the farming experiences, the distance between the farmer houses and the cultivated lands, and the irrigation system had a real influence to the increase of the rice production. The model used in this research had indicated that partially the cultivated land width, the quantity of effective labours, the quantity of fertilazers, the quantity of pesticides, the distence between the farmers houses and the cultivated lands, and the irrigation system had given influences to the increas of rice production, while the farming experiences did not influence to (non-significant) the increasing of rice production. The results of the analyze on the optimum use of production factors had indicated: the cultivated land width was not optimum so that its use should be increased, the quantity of effective labours was not optimum either so that its use should be decreased primarily on the first planting seasion (MT. I) and the second planting seasion (MT. III), while on the third planting seasion (MT. III) it was optimum. Further more, the quantity of fertilizers was not optimum so that its use needed to be decreased and the quantity of pesticides was not optimum either so that its use needed to be increased.   Keywords: Rice production, production factor ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian antara lain untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi peningkatan produksi padi sawah, dan menganalisis tingkat optimasi penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi pada usahatani padi sawah. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 120 petani sampel di empat desa sampel di wilayah Kecamatan Nogosari, Kabupaten Boyolali, Jawa Tengah. Penarikan sampel dilakukan dalam dua tahap, yang pertama menentukan sampel desa yang dilakukan dengan metode stratified random sampling dan yang kedua menentukan petani sampel yang dilakukan dengan metode simpel random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara dengan menggunakan instrumen kuesioner. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah model Fungsi produksi Transendental. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: model yang digunaka secara simultan faktor-faktor luas lahan garapan, jumlah tenaga kerja efektif, jumlah pupuk, jumlah pestisida, pengalaman petani dalam berusahatani, jarak rumah petani dengan lahan garapan, dan sistem irigasi berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap peningkatan produksi padi sawah. Selain itu model yang digunakan menunjukkan bahwa: secara parsial luas lahan garapan, jumlah tenaga kerja efektif, jumlah pupuk, jumlah pestisida (obat-obatan), jarak lahan garapan dengan rumah petani, dan sistem irigasi berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan produksi padi sawah, sedangkan, pengalaman petani tidak berpengaruh (non significant) terhadap peningkatan produksi padi sawah. Sedangkan hasil analisis optimasi (efisiensi ekonomis) penggunaan faktor produksi menunjukkan bahwa: luas lahan garapan belum optimum (efisien) sehingga penggunaannya perlu ditambah, jumlah tenaga kerja efektif tidak optimum sehingga penggunaannya perlu dikurangi terutama pada MT. I dan MT. II sedangkan pada MT. III sudah optimum (efisien), jumlah pupuk tidak optimum sehingga penggunaannya perlu dikurangi, jumlah pestisida (obat-obatan) belum optimum sehingga penggunaannya perlu ditambah. Kata kunci: Produksi padi, faktor produksi.
INTERAKSI BIROKRASI PEMERINTAH DAN LEMBAGA SWADAYA MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMBANGUNAN (Sinergi Birokrasi Pemerintah dengan Lembaga Pengembangan Industri Pedesaan (LPIP) dalam Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Pesisir di Muncar, Banyuwangi ) Andrianus - Resi; Soesilo - Zauhar; Ismani H.P - -
Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 (2009)
Publisher : Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya

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ABSTRAK   Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya fenomena yang ditunjukkan oleh LSM-LSM, yaitu visi dan misi mereka yang jelas mulai berpihak pada pengembangan masyarakat. Pada masa orde baru keberadaan mereka lebih banyak diposisikan sebagai lembaga yang selalu merepotkan setiap kebijakan pemerintah. Sinergi atau pola kerja sama yang baik antara Birokrasi Pemerintah dan (LSM) LPIP sangat penting dalam memberdayakan masyarakat pesisir. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk: 1). Memperoleh informasi yang akurat tentang respon masyarakat terhadap upaya pembangunan baik yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah maupun LSM; 1). Menemukan kendala-kendala yang dihadapi baik oleh birokrasi pemerintah maupun LSM dalam mengimplementasikan kebijakan dan program pembangunan di tingkat lokal; 2). Mengetahui kekuatan dan kelemahan dari sinergi antara (LSM) LPIP Surabaya dengan Birokrasi Pemerintah Daerah dalam memecahkan permasalahan pembangunan masyarakat pesisir; 3). Mendeskripsikan pemahaman dan respon masyarakat terhadap upaya pemberdayaan yang dilakukan LSM dan Birokrasi Pemerintah; 4). Menyodorkan alternatif pemecahan masalah bagi peningkatan peran birokrasi pemerintahan daerah dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan yang sejalan dengan bingkai pemberdayaan. 5). Memperoleh informasi yang akurat tentang respon masyarakat terhadap upaya pembangunan baik yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah maupun LSM Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif,  yakni penelitian yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran mendalam tentang permasalahan yang akan diteliti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) LSM LPIP dalam menangani beberapa konflik menawarkan pendekatan yang berbeda, yaitu memakai strategi pendekatan yang menempatkan masyarakat sebagai pelaku utama dengan melibatkan mereka (tokoh masyarakat, birokrasi, pengusaha)  sebagai mediator; 2) hubungan kerja sama antara Pemerintah Daerah Banyuwangi dengan LSM LPIP telah berjalan dengan mencapai hasil yang relatif memuaskan dalam memberdayakan masyarakat pesisir. Hal ini terjadi karena ada kerja sama yang saling mendukung terhadap program dan sasaran yang ingin dicapai; 3) sinergi antara LSM dengan Pemerintah Daerah adalah agar Birokrasi Pemerintah bertindak sebagai fasilitator, motivator, dan dinamisator dalam pembangunan masyarakat. Dalam pembangunan daerah aparat birokrasi tidak akan mampu menjangkau seluruh kebutuhan pembangunan khususnya dibidang sosial ekonomi tanpa melakukan pola kemitraan dengan pihak lain termasuk Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM).   Kata kunci: Pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir ABSTRACT   This research is backgrounded by any trends of Non Governmental Organization (NGO) about their vision and mission, which tend into the society development. At new era, they are positioned as institution, which always disturbs government policies. The synergy between government bureaucracy and LPIP is important in empowering rural societies. This research aims (1) to find the obstacles of government bureaucrasy or NGO on implementing the policy and developing program in local area; (2) to understand the strengths and weakness from synergy between NGO LPIP Surabaya with Local Government bureaucrasy on solving development problem of society which faced by them; (3) to describe the understanding and society response on the empowerment which done by NGO and government bureaucrasy; (4) to give some solving alternatives to local government bureaucrasy role increasing on executing the consistent development with the list of empowerment; (5) to get information, about society response on developing efforts which done by government or NGO. The research method used in this research is qualitative descriptive, that is research which aim to get further description about the problem. The results of this research show that  NGO LPIP, which handles some conflicts, offered different approach, by using approach strategy, which places society as important actor by involving them (society figure, brirocracy and the entrepreneur) as mediator.  relationship between Local Government of Banyuwangi and NGO LPIP has reached satisfied results on society empowerment. It happened because of the relationship that support the reached program and target. The synergy between NGO and Local Government are Bureaucrasy Government as Facilitator, motivator and dynamizator  on society development. On local development, government will not reach all of development needs especially in social economic without doing relationship with another actors include NGO.   Keywords: Coastal society, empowerment
KEBIJAKAN PENCIPTAAN LAPANGAN KERJA PEDESAAN ( Kajian Pembangunan Pasar Desa Proyek PDK-MK di Desa Nglundo, Sukomoro, Nganjuk) AGUS SOEHARTO; HERU - RIBAWANTO; ISMANI HP - -
Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 (2009)
Publisher : Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya

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ABSTRAK Kebijakan penciptaan lapangan kerja pedesaan melalui proyek PDK-MK ( Penanggulangan Dampak Kekeringan dan Masalah Ketenagakerjaan) tahap II Tahun 1998/1999 merupakan salah satu kebijakan Nasional guna mengatasi dampak krisis ekonomi di sektor ketenagakerjaan. Penelitian yang dilaksanakan merupakan penelitian kebijakan sektor ketenagakerjaan dengan pokok masalah : diskripsi implementasi kebijakan desentralisasi suatu proyek penciptaan lapangan kerja di Desa Nglundo Kecamatan Sukomoro, Kabupaten Nganjuk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mengkaji implementasi kebijakan penciptaan lapangan kerja di desa melalui proyek PDK-MK; (2) menganalisa dampak implementasi kebijakan desentralisasi penciptaan lapangan kerja melalui mekanisme usulan dari bawah terhadap kebutuhan akan lapangan kerja pedesaan. Methode penelitian yang dipergunakan adalah kualitatif, sedang pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dengan analisa data, secara kualitatif dan induktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan desentralisasi penciptaan lapangan dengan melibatkan masyarakat melalui usulan dari bawah mendapat respon positif, meskipun terdapat kendala kesinambungan proyek namun telah dapat menciptakan lapangan kerja baru dan menyerap tenaga kerja di desa. Kata kunci: Lapangan kerja, pedesaan ABSTRACT Policy of creating Job Opportunity in villages by second period of the PDK – MK Project (Penanggulangan Dampak Kekeringan dan Masalah Ketenagakerjaan ) was one of National Policies in overcoming impact of economical crisis in any labor sectors. The main theme of the reaseach to the policy of the labor sector was the description of the decentralized policy implementation to the project of creating job opportunity in Nglundo village, Sukomoro subdistrict, Nganjuk Regency. Goals of this research are (1) to study the implementation of the policy in creating labor market in the village by the PDK – MK project, (2) to analyse the effect of implementating a decentralized the mechanism of aspiration from the bottom in facing the need of job opportunity in village. The research method was qualitative. Data were collected by observation, interview and documentation, and the data analysis was qualitative and inductive. The research results showed that the implementation of the decentralized policy in creating job opportunity that involved society got a positive respon, and it had been able to create new job opportunities and work many labor force in village. Keywords: Employment, rural.
PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH DAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN (Studi Kasus Implementasi Proyek Pembinaan Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani Dan Nelayan Kecil (P4K) di Kabupaten Jombang) Affandi - -; Sumartono - -; Solichin Abdul Wahab
Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 (2009)
Publisher : Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya

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Abstract

ABSTRAK   Pentingnya program pemberdayaan dalam rangka menanggulangi kemiskian, salah satunya Program P4K adalah agar lingkaran setan kemiskinan dapat diputus sehingga kemakmuran dan implementasi pembangunan menampakkan hasil yang nyata. Dalam pembangunan di Indonesia, penanggulangan kemiskinan dan pemberdayaan telah dijadikan titik sentral, dimana program tersebut dijalankan secara serentak dan terkoordinir di daerah-daerah yang dikenal dengan kegiatan Pembinaan Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani dan Nelayan Kecil (P4K). Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana implementasi kebijakan pembangunan Pemerintah Daerah (Program P4K) dilaksanakan dalam rangka penanggulangan kemiskinan dan bagaimana pembangunan dalam memberdayakan petani dapat meningkatkan pemahaman dan pengetahuan petani serta upaya-upaya dan hambatan-hambatan apa saja yang dihadapi Pemerintah dalam melaksanakan Program P4 dalam rangka penanggulangan kemiskinan di Kabupaten Jombang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis implementasi kebijakan pembangunan (Program P4K) dalam rangka penanggulangan kemiskinan; (2) mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis pembangunan dalam memberdayakan petani sehingga dapat meningkatkan pemahaman dan pengetahuan petani, serta mengetahui upaya-upaya dan hambatan-hambatan pelaksanaan Program P4K dalam rangka penanggulangan kemiskinan di Kabupaten Jombang. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa, Program P4K sebagai upaya pemberdayaan kaum miskin pedesaan dengan pemberian bantuan modal, banyak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat desa untuk membuka usaha baru dan industri kecil lokal. Keberhasilan Program P4K di Kabupaten Jombang memiliki ciri khas tersendiri, yaitu Program P4K banyak diikuti kaum perempuan petani, sehingga kemampuan petani dalam memanfaatkan dan menyerap dana bantuan P4K sangat tinggi ditunjukkan banyak KPK yang antri untuk memperoleh bantuan atau peningkatan dana bantuan. Orientasi pembangunan dengan tujuan memberdayaakan masyarakat berhasil dengan mempertimbangkan aspek-aspek penting dalam masyarakat. Keberhasilan Program P4K di Kabupaten Jombang tidak lepas dari partisipasi dan komitmen yang tinggi Pemerintah dan Masyarakat untuk melakukan pembinaan terus menerus dan berkelanjutan, di samping aspirasi dan inisiatif masyarakat diutamakan dalam pelaksanaan Program P4K. Inisiatif petani dalam memanfaatkan Program P4K sangat tinggi dengan terbentuknya kelompok-kelompok yang mandiri.   Kata kunci: Kemiskinan, pembangunan daerah ABSTRACT   The importance of empowerment programs in poverty alleviation, as P4K program, is to cut satanic circle of poverty, so prosperous and development implementation can give real result. In Indonesian development, poverty alleviation and empowerment have been the central points, where these programs were implemented simultaneously and coordinated at local areas that known as the Farmer and Fisherman Income Improvement Project (P4K). The research problem is how implementation of the Local Government development policy (P4K) program is implemented in alleviating poverty and how the development in empowering farmer can enhance farmer’s understanding and knowledge, and what efforts and obstacles that faced by local government when implement the program in coping poverty at Jombang Regency. Goals of this research are: (1) to describe and analyze  implementation of  development policy (P4K program) in alleviating poverty, (2) to describe and analyze the development in empowering  farmer so can improve  farmer’s understanding and knowledge and to know efforts and obstacles that faced by local government when  implement the program in alleviating poverty in Jombang Regency. Using qualitative approach, this research conclude that, P4K program as efforts to empower village poor people with giving capital aid, used by villager to establish new business and local industry. The success at Jombang Regency has its own  characteristic, that is, the  program was  participated by women farmer, so farmer’s ability in use and absorbing  P4K aid fund is very high, indicated  by the  queue of KPKs to receive aid fund. Development orientation that aimed at empowering of society is success with consider the society important aspects. Success of the P4K at Jombang Regency are related with the high participation and   commitment of local government and society to establish ongoing and continue founding, beside society aspiration and initiative that given priority in that implementation. Farmer’s initiatives in use P4K program is very high with established of stand alone group.   Keywords: Poverty, local development
PEMBERDAYAAN INSTITUSI LOKAL DAN IMPLIKASINYA BAGI MASYARAKAT (Studi Implementasi Kebijakan Peningkatan Kualitas Sumberdaya Manusia Melalui Pendidikan Dan Pelatihan Di Desa Kundur, Kundur, Kabupaten Karimun) DJOKO EDY IMHAR; Suwondo - -; Sumartono - -
Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 (2009)
Publisher : Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya

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Abstract

ABSTRAK Dalam era desentralisasi saat ini, pemerintah daerah, tidak terkecuali Karimun sebagai kabupaten baru yang secara hukum resmi dibentuk berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 53 Tahun 1999 tanggal 4 Oktober 1999, mau tidak mau, suka tidak suka harus memberdayakan institusi lokal. Salah satu alasan utama mengapa daerah harus merajut atau membangun kembali institusi lokal adalah agar masyarakat tidak terjerumus kedalam kerantanan, keterpurukan, ketidak-berdayaan dan perpecahan. Pemberdayaan institusi lokal dalam pengertiannya sebagai organisasi, maka biasanya dilakukan melalui pendidikan non formal yang diarahkan untuk meningkatkan partisipasi, rasa percaya diri ataupun kemandirian masyarakat lokal dengan tujuan utamanya adalah menjadikan institusi-institusi lokal sebagai penghantar barang dan jasa serta pelayanan, sekaligus membawanya sedekat mungkin kepada masyarakat yang menjadi tujuannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan, menganalisis dan menginterpretasikan mengenai: 1). Implementasi kebijakan peningkatan kualitas sumberdaya manusia dalam pemberdayaan institusi lokal, yang meliputi: pemberdayaan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan, pemberdayaan yang dilakukan oleh pihak swasta melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan, dan pemberdayaan diri anggota institusi lokal melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan yaitu menyangkut kesadaran individu, kelompok, maupun kesadaran pemimpin; 2). Implikasinya bagi masyarakat, yang meliputi: rasa kepemilikan, jalinan kerjasama antar anggota maupun antar anggota dengan pemimpin, dan keterbukaan dan responsifitas terhadap perubahan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik: wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis data model interaktif yang terdiri dari: pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, serta verifkasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1). Implementasi Kebijakan peningkatan kualitas sumberdaya manusia melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan: (a). Pemberdayaan yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Kabupaten Karimun adalah melalui pendidikan pelatihan tenaga pengajar (Da’i dan Mubaliqh) dan ketenaga-kerjaan, kebijakan tersebut cenderung bersifat “top down”, metoda pemberdayaan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan individu; (b). Pemberdayaan yang dilakukan oleh pihak swasta adalah pendidikan dan pelatihan ketenaga-kerjaan, bersifat sentralistis, tidak mampu merespon kondisi dan potensi kelompok sasaran, dan diskriminatif; c). Pemberdayaan diri anggota institusi lokal, baik menyangkut kesadaran individu, kelompok maupun kesadaran pemimpin sangat baik, adanya proses pembelajaran kelompok disebabkan masih kentalnya nilai-nilai tradisional, kecilnya kesenjangan sosial ekonomi, dan kekhawatiran akan sanksi sosial; 2). Implikasi pemberdayaan bagi masyarakat: pemberdayaan yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Kabupaten Karimun dan PT. Tambang Timah Tbk. Kundur belum atau tidak menunjukkan adanya implikasi yang diharapkan, kuatnya rasa kepemilikan, jalinan kerjasama antar anggota maupun antar anggota dengan pemimpin, dan keterbukaan dan responsifitas terhadap perubahan justru lebih merupakan implikasi dari pemberdayaan diri anggota institusi lokal dan nilai kerjasama, saling menghargai, musyawarah mufakat yang masih mengakar didalam institusi lokal yang bersangkutan. Kata kunci: Instituti lokal, pemberdayaan abstract In decentralization eras, local government of the Karimun regency, as a new regency that is legally established based on the Undang-Undang No 53 1999 dated on October 4th, 1999; inevitably has to utilize local institution. One of the major reasons why local area has to redevelop local institution is in order to avoid the society from susceptibilities, stumble, inability, and disintegration. Local institution empowerment in terms of organization, is usually implemented through non-formal education to increase society’s participation, self-confidence, and independence; which aims at establishing local institution becoming goods and services mediation, and also bringing as close as possible to the target society. This study uses qualitative approach to describe, analyze, and interpret : 1) implementation of human resource quality improvement policy in empowering local institution, consists of: empowering by government through education and training, empowering by private sector through education and training, and empowering by members of local institution themselves through education and training related with individual, group, and leader consciousness; 2) its implication to society, dealing with sense of ownership, working together among the members and between member and leader, and openness and responsiveness to existing changes. Data collecting is done through these techniques: interview, observation, and documentation. Data analysis used is interactive model consists of: data collecting, data reduction, data presentation, and verification. Research findings show that: 1) there are implementations of human resource quality improvement through education and training: (a) empowering done by the government of Karimun Regency through education and training of teachers (called Dari’’i and Mubaligh) and work force, this policy is tend to be ‘top down’, and empowering method used is individual approach; (b) empowering done by private sector through education and training of work force, it is centralistic, unable to response the condition and the potency of target group, and discriminative; (c) Empowering the members of local institution itself, including individual, group, and leader consciousness, the existing of group learning process due to traditional norms, the declining of socioeconomic gaps, and the anxiety of social sanction; 2) implication of society empowering: empowering done by the government of Karimun Regency and PT. Tambang Timah Tbk. Kundur has not shown significant implications expected, the strength of ownership, cooperation among members and the leaders, and openness and responsiveness to the existing changes, is the implication of empowering the member of local institution itself And cooperation, respective ness, and discussion that are still set in the local institution itself. Keywords: local institution, empowerment.
KAJIAN PEMBERDAYAAN PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH Evaluasi Implementasi Otonomi Daerah Di Kabupaten Nganjuk Moch. - Supadjar; Solichin Abdul Wahab; Susilo - Zauhar
Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 (2009)
Publisher : Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (145.529 KB)

Abstract

ABSTRACT   Evaluation on the OTODA (local autonomy) in Nganjuk regency is given more emphasis on the evaluation of the implementation of the 1974 Regulation Number 5. It is due to the fact that its implementation shows empowerless of the local government since the central or provincial governments give more intervention to the domestic matters of the local government, namely Nganjuk regency. All policies made by the local government should get an agreement from the central or provincial governments, besides being supported by a top down planning system showing a governmental system with centralistic tendency. In this research, it is found that the implementation of real and responsibility autonomy is not in line with the purposes and goals as stated in Regulation Number 5, 1974 as its implementation tends to the centralistic governmental system so the local government is less powerful. The phenomena are (1)  services to the people, implementation of development and government can run effectively if the local government is given authority to implement all governmental matters as its own matters emphasizing harmony and democracy aspects, (2) stronger  deconcentration institution and weaker decentralization institution have hampered the implementation of local autonomy and development. (3) to make the local government more powerful, enough sources of local original incomes (PAD) are needed, and the local government are free to discover PAD especially from  local tax and retribution which are the most important factors; (4) local and social empowerment through  local regulations  treating local governments to be implementer, so they never reach the intended purposes. Authority to plant, implement and control themselves  will enable the local government to be able to give good and appropriate advantages as needed; and (5) in order to realize the local autonomy with intended and right needs, namely the realization of top services, clean government and good governance, qualified and good actors are needed, and it needs good human resources.   Keywords: Local government, local autonomy

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