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All Journal Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Prosiding Seminar Hukum Aktual Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia
Axel Raphael
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Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Health Inequality and Structural Injustice in Indonesia’s National Health Insurance System: A Rawlsian Analysis Alif Ahmad; Axel Raphael; Zuwanda, Said Sadam; Sahur Ramsay; Diakaridia Fomba
Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): Supremasi Hukum
Publisher : UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/sh.ctp9wt64

Abstract

This article analyzes structural inequalities in the implementation of the National Health Insurance Program (JKN) in Indonesia using John Rawls’ Difference Principle as a normative framework. Although JKN has achieved near-universal coverage of approximately 98% of the population by 2025, disparities in access, quality, and distribution of healthcare services persist, particularly in remote, border, and archipelagic areas (DTPK). This study employs a normative legal method combined with policy analysis to evaluate whether the institutional structure of Indonesia’s health system has provided optimal benefits for the least advantaged groups. The findings show that unequal distribution of medical personnel, the concentration of specialist doctors in urban areas, and limited primary healthcare infrastructure reflect structural failures that contradict the principle of distributive justice. The JKN system, which is formally universal, has not been able to ensure substantive justice as it continues to reproduce social and geographical inequalities. This article contributes theoretically by integrating Rawls’ Difference Principle into health policy analysis, and practically by offering a justice-based reform framework through affirmative and redistributive interventions, including redistribution of health workers, inequality-based budget reallocation, and the use of health technology to overcome geographical barriers. These findings emphasize that achieving justice in the health system is not sufficient through expanding financial coverage alone, but requires structural transformation oriented towards the most vulnerable groups.
Menuju Pengawasan Perpajakan yang Optimal: Rekonstruksi Kewenangan Komisi XI DPR RI melalui Sinergi Temuan BPK, Perlindungan Kerahasiaan Data Pajak, dan Adopsi Model Komparatif Amerika Serikat Abdullah Widy Asshidiq; Axel Raphael; Jeremi Syafa’at Umbu Lamba Awang
Prosiding Seminar Hukum Aktual Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 4 JULI 2026
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia

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Abstract

This research examines the construction of the House of Representatives (DPR), specifically Commission XI, oversight on tax revenues, the weaknesses of the existing system, and the ideal design of oversight based on the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) findings that align with tax data confidentiality. This is a normative legal research utilizing statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches with the United States congressional oversight mechanism. The results indicate that Commission XI's current oversight is suboptimal due to limited technical capacity, constraints in interpreting tax data confidentiality, fragmented coordination with BPK, short-term political orientation, and the absence of a standardized oversight methodology. To overcome this dysfunction, the oversight mechanism needs to be reconstructed by referencing the joint tax committee model in the United States. This ideal design includes establishing a Tax Analysis Unit as parliamentary technical support, formulating an aggregate tax data access protocol that complies with data confidentiality principles, and creating a structured, legally binding follow -up mechanism for BPK findings.
Co-Authors Abdullah Widy Asshidiq Alif Ahmad Diakaridia Fomba Jeremi Syafa’at Umbu Lamba Awang Ramsay, Sahur Zuwanda, Said Sadam