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All Journal Hikmatuna Al-Karim: International Journal of Quranic and Islamic Studies
Luthfi Muhyiddin
Leipzig University
Religion Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

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From Digital Collectibles to Zakatable Income: A Sharia and Regulatory Analysis of NFT Creator Earnings in Indonesia Muhammad Abdul Aziz; Syafiq Mahmadah Hanafi; Muhammad Luqman Ammar; Luthfi Muhyiddin
Hikmatuna : Journal for Integrative Islamic Studies Vol 12 No 1 (2026): Hikmatuna: Journal for Integrative Islamic Studies, June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid Pekalongan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28918/hikmatuna.v12i1.14920

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the zakat status of non-fungible token (NFT) creator earnings in Indonesia and to formulate an appropriate payment mechanism from the perspective of Islamic finance and national regulation. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach based on library research and semi-structured interviews, involving key informants from the National Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, supported by zakat jurisprudence, regulatory documents, and relevant NFT literature. The findings show that the object of zakat does not lie in the NFT as a digital token itself, but in the income realized from sales and royalties. Such income is more appropriately classified as income or professional zakat, with a nisab equivalent to 85 grams of gold and a 2.5% rate after fulfilling the requirements of haul and lawful ownership. The study also finds that, in the Indonesian context, zakat on NFT creator earnings cannot yet be paid in cryptocurrency due to both regulatory and Sharia considerations; therefore, such earnings must first be converted into lawful local currency. This study recommends the development of clearer zakat guidelines for digital assets, broader empirical research on NFT creators, and a more adaptive regulatory framework in response to the expansion of the digital economy.
Beyond Tolerance: How Misbah Mustafa’s Tafsīr al-Iklīl Negotiates Qur’anic Norms and Religious Moderation Syaiful Makhi Ula Arrois; Muhammad Chirzin; Sujiat Zubaidi; Luthfi Muhyiddin
Al-Karim: International Journal of Quranic and Islamic Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): Al-Karim: International Journal of Quranic and Islamic Studies, September
Publisher : Universitas Islam Tribakti Lirboyo Kediri

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33367/al-karim.v4i2.9229

Abstract

This study examines how K.H. Misbah Mustafa organizes textual and inherited scholarly authority in Tafsīr al-Iklīl fī Maʿānī al-Tanzīl, a Javanese pesantren commentary, and how this organization shapes the social application of Qur’anic norms related to religious moderation. Previous studies have discussed al-Iklīl in terms of ethical reasoning, socio-cultural negotiation, and contextual interpretation, yet the epistemic mechanism through which its normative judgments acquire authority and limits of application remains insufficiently explained. Using a qualitative textual-interpretive approach, the study examines Q. 2:143, Q. 28:77, Q. 2:256, Q. 10:99, and Q. 9:41 through a bayānī framework that traces textual authority, linguistic reasoning, inherited scholarship, normative inference, contextual specification, and scope of enactment. The analysis identifies three interrelated patterns: normative ordering, differentiated authority, and regulated enactment. These patterns indicate that moderation in al-Iklīl does not require a weakening of scriptural commitment. It emerges, instead, through distinctions between the validity of a religious norm, the authority entitled to act upon it, and the conditions governing its legitimate enactment. The article thus contributes an epistemological account of how normative commitment and social restraint can coexist within a text-centered, pesantren-based tradition of Qur’anic interpretation. Contribution: This study contributes to Indonesian Qur’anic exegesis by proposing an epistemological analytical model to explain how the pesantren exegetical tradition preserves the normative authority of the Qur’an while simultaneously regulating its social application. Accordingly, religious moderation is understood not merely as a set of ethical values, but as the outcome of an interpretive process that structures the relationship between norms, authority, and social action.
Co-Authors Muhammad Abdul Aziz Muhammad Chirzin Muhammad Luqman Ammar Sujiat Zubaidi Syafiq Mahmadah Hanafi Syaiful Makhi Ula Arrois