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All Journal Sinergi Jurnal Polimesin
Supaat Zakaria
Politeknik Metro Johor Bahru
Automotive Engineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Design optimization and material selection of automotive bushing arms using FEA under acidic exposure Ana Nur Oktaviani; Dafit Feriyanto; Haftirman Haftirman; Supaat Zakaria; Dedik Romahadi; Hadi Pranoto; SS Abdulmalik
Jurnal Polimesin Vol 24, No 3 (2026): June
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30811/jpl.v24i3.8444

Abstract

Bushing arms are critical automotive components that function as vibration dampers and load absorbers. The problem is that the bushing arm often fails due to several factors, including the use of inappropriate materials, poor road quality, lack of routine maintenance, and external factors such as extreme temperatures, exposure to corrosion, and excessive pressure. This study aims to optimize bushing arm design and material selection to improve durability and vibration-damping performance under acidic exposure conditions. Two rubber materials, Natural Rubber (NR) and Ethylene-Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), were evaluated for MPV-type vehicle bushing arms. Three design variations were developed and analyzed using hyperelastic Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to assess stress distribution, strain, deformation, and safety factor. The rubber specimens were fabricated by hot pressing at 180°C and 7 MPa, followed by immersion in 15% phosphoric acid at 65°C to evaluate chemical degradation. Mechanical characterization included tensile testing (ASTM D412), Shore hardness testing, and microstructural observation. The results showed that acid immersion reduced tensile strength by 20.44% for NR and 23.80% for EPDM, while elongation decreased by 38.3% and 17.43%, respectively. Hardness decreased by 19.2% for NR and 4.81% for EPDM. FEA results indicated that design C achieved the lowest deformation, reducing it by 51%, while design B reduced shear stress and von Mises stress by up to 70%. Based on the combined mechanical and simulation results, design B with NR material was selected as the preferred configuration.
Activated carbon air filter and rubber seed oil approach from waste rubber seed shell for alternative fuel and improving air quality Dafit Feriyanto; Supaat Zakaria; Alfian Noviyanto; Nurato Nurato; Dedik Romahadi; Hadi Pranoto; Samir Sani Abdulmalik
SINERGI Vol. 30 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.2.015

Abstract

Research related to rubber seed conversion to oil and activated carbon as filter media requires further exploration. Therefore, the main objective of this study to investigate the rubber seed oil as alternative energy and rubber seed Shell Activated Carbon (RSSAC). Thermo-chemical method conducted with separation process between the kernel and the shell. The process used temperatures of 550 and 600°C. Biodiesel was produced by a blending process using a frequency of 20kHz, temperature of 60oC and 2h holding time. In addition, the side product was converted into activated carbon through carbonization and activation using KOH. Air filter fabricated using three layers, where the top and bottom layers being non-woven and RSSAC in the middle. It compacted using hot-press method at temperature of 150°C for 60 s to produce an air filter media thickness of 3–5mm. The results show that there are several high compound concentrations i.e. CH4, aldehydes, and ketonestone. Several gases evolve, such as CO2, CO, CH4, H2O, ketone aldehyde, and HC. Microstructure analysis using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) of RSSAC shows that element C significantly increase up to 80%, while O, K, and Ca decreased up to 72%, 66% and 90%, respectively. RSSAC has a large surface area of 175.95m2/g, and it will have high effectiveness in improving indoor air quality (IAQ). This is indicated by the result of IAQ analysis where the humidity, temperature, CO, CO2, TVOC, and PM10 were lower than the acceptable limit of 70%, 27oC, 1000ppm, 10ppm, 3 ppm, and 0.15 mg/m3, respectively.
Co-Authors Alfian Noviyanto Ana Nur Oktaviani Dafit Feriyanto Dedik Romahadi Hadi Pranoto Haftirman Haftirman Nurato Samir Sani Abdulmalik SS Abdulmalik