Ridwan Arifin
Universitat de Barcelona

Published : 2 Documents Claim Missing Document
Claim Missing Document
Check
Articles

Found 2 Documents
Search

Law Enforcers as Offenders: Applying Differential Association Theory to Police Sexual Abuse in Indonesia Isna Khalimatussa’diah Az-Zahra; Ridwan Arifin; Ngaboawaji Daniel Nte; Varun Chhachhar
Sangia Nibandera Law Research Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Sangia Nibandera Law Research, June 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Sembilanbelas November Kolaka

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21072036

Abstract

Sexual harassment and abuse are forms of violence rooted in structural gender inequality, shaped not merely by individual desire but by socially constructed norms influencing both perpetrators and victims. In many cases, victims are unjustly blamed, reflecting cultural attitudes that normalize or trivialize sexual misconduct. This study examines police-perpetrated sexual abuse in Indonesia, highlighting the paradox of law enforcers acting as offenders. Such cases have drawn significant public attention, raising concerns about ethical violations and deviant behavior within law enforcement institutions. This research aims to analyze the phenomenon from both legal and criminological perspectives, applying Differential Association Theory as proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland. The theory explains that deviant behavior is learned through social interaction within environments that justify or tolerate wrongdoing. This study adopts a qualitative method with a normative-empirical approach, utilizing document analysis, legal frameworks on sexual offenses, and literature on deviance within police institutions. The findings reveal that weak internal supervision, hierarchical power structures, and institutional subcultures contribute to the emergence and persistence of abusive behavior. These conditions enable the internalization of values that justify misconduct, reinforced by peer influence and organizational silence. Furthermore, legal processes in such cases do not always fully reflect principles of justice and public accountability. This study underscores the need for comprehensive institutional reform, including strengthened oversight, ethical training, and transparent accountability systems to prevent future violations and restore public trust.
WHY ILLICIT ENRICHMENT REMAINS UNTOUCHABLE? Penal Culture and the Criminalization of Economic Crime in Comparative Perspective Ridwan Arifin; Sonia Yamileth Castro Yama; Mashaallah Othman Mohamed Al-Zwae; Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady; Valerio Sebastian
Jurisdictie: Jurnal Hukum dan Syariah Vol 17, No 1 (2026): Jurisdictie
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/j.v17i1.37480

Abstract

This article examines why illicit enrichment remains normatively pivotal yet legally and practically elusive within the contemporary anti-corruption regime. Despite the conceptual simplicity of penalizing unexplained wealth, this offense consistently encounters formidable constitutional objections, legality principles, and rigorous evidentiary thresholds. This study interrogates why illicit enrichment remains doctrinally recalcitrant despite being vigorously promoted by the UNCAC and global financial integrity agendas. It argues that the primary impediment lies not merely within formal legal doctrines, but rather within penal culture, how a constitutional system conceptualizes the moral legitimacy of inferring criminality from wealth and tolerates the shifting of evidentiary burdens. Utilizing a comparative doctrinal, historical, and institutional analysis of Indonesia, Spain, Colombia, and the United Kingdom, this research demonstrates that formal codification does not ensure enforcement efficacy. Illicit enrichment operates effectively only where the penal culture accommodates epistemic asymmetry (Colombia). Conversely, it is constrained by legal formalism (Spain), rejected by legality absolutism requiring a criminal predicate (UK), or perpetually suspended between systemic necessity and legality anxiety (Indonesia). This divergence proves that procedural safeguards and doctrinal caution frequently constrain international norms. Globally, this study contributes a novel theoretical model of penal culture that deconstructs the universalism of international anti-corruption norms, demonstrating that the success of legal transplantation depends entirely upon its compatibility with domestic penal cultures.Artikel ini mengkaji mengapa illicit enrichment (peningkatan kekayaan secara tidak sah) tetap memiliki posisi normatif yang sangat penting namun secara hukum dan praktik tetap sulit diterapkan dalam rezim antikorupsi kontemporer. Meskipun secara konseptual pelanggaran ini sederhana, yaitu mempidanakan kekayaan yang tidak dapat dijelaskan, delik ini secara konsisten menghadapi keberatan konstitusional yang kuat, prinsip legalitas, serta standar pembuktian yang ketat. Studi ini menelaah mengapa illicit enrichment tetap bersifat sulit diadopsi secara doktrinal meskipun secara aktif didorong oleh UNCAC dan agenda integritas keuangan global. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa hambatan utama tidak semata-mata terletak pada doktrin hukum formal, melainkan pada budaya pemidanaan (penal culture), bagaimana suatu sistem konstitusional memaknai legitimasi moral dalam menarik kesimpulan kriminalitas dari kekayaan, serta sejauh mana sistem tersebut menerima pergeseran beban pembuktian. Dengan menggunakan analisis doktrinal komparatif, historis, dan institusional di Indonesia, Spanyol, Kolombia, dan Inggris, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kodifikasi formal tidak otomatis menjamin efektivitas penegakan hukum. Illicit enrichment hanya berfungsi secara efektif dalam konteks budaya pemidanaan yang menerima asimetri epistemik (Kolombia). Sebaliknya, penerapannya dibatasi oleh formalisme hukum yang ketat (Spanyol), ditolak oleh absolutisme asas legalitas yang mensyaratkan adanya tindak pidana dasar (criminal predicate) (Inggris), atau terus berada dalam posisi ambivalen antara kebutuhan sistemik dan kecemasan terhadap legalitas (Indonesia). Perbedaan ini membuktikan bahwa perlindungan prosedural dan kehati-hatian doktrinal sering kali membatasi efektivitas norma internasional. Secara global, studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa model teoretis baru tentang penal culture yang mendekonstruksi klaim universalisme norma antikorupsi internasional, dengan menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan transplantasi hukum sepenuhnya bergantung pada kesesuaiannya dengan budaya pemidanaan domestik.