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Law Enforcers as Offenders: Applying Differential Association Theory to Police Sexual Abuse in Indonesia Isna Khalimatussa’diah Az-Zahra; Ridwan Arifin; Ngaboawaji Daniel Nte; Varun Chhachhar
Sangia Nibandera Law Research Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Sangia Nibandera Law Research, June 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Sembilanbelas November Kolaka

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21072036

Sexual harassment and abuse are forms of violence rooted in structural gender inequality, shaped not merely by individual desire but by socially constructed norms influencing both perpetrators and victims. In many cases, victims are unjustly blamed, reflecting cultural attitudes that normalize or trivialize sexual misconduct. This study examines police-perpetrated sexual abuse in Indonesia, highlighting the paradox of law enforcers acting as offenders. Such cases have drawn significant public attention, raising concerns about ethical violations and deviant behavior within law enforcement institutions. This research aims to analyze the phenomenon from both legal and criminological perspectives, applying Differential Association Theory as proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland. The theory explains that deviant behavior is learned through social interaction within environments that justify or tolerate wrongdoing. This study adopts a qualitative method with a normative-empirical approach, utilizing document analysis, legal frameworks on sexual offenses, and literature on deviance within police institutions. The findings reveal that weak internal supervision, hierarchical power structures, and institutional subcultures contribute to the emergence and persistence of abusive behavior. These conditions enable the internalization of values that justify misconduct, reinforced by peer influence and organizational silence. Furthermore, legal processes in such cases do not always fully reflect principles of justice and public accountability. This study underscores the need for comprehensive institutional reform, including strengthened oversight, ethical training, and transparent accountability systems to prevent future violations and restore public trust.

WHY ILLICIT ENRICHMENT REMAINS UNTOUCHABLE? Penal Culture and the Criminalization of Economic Crime in Comparative Perspective Ridwan Arifin; Sonia Yamileth Castro Yama; Mashaallah Othman Mohamed Al-Zwae; Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady; Valerio Sebastian
Jurisdictie: Jurnal Hukum dan Syariah Vol 17, No 1 (2026): Jurisdictie
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/j.v17i1.37480

This article examines why illicit enrichment remains normatively pivotal yet legally and practically elusive within the contemporary anti-corruption regime. Despite the conceptual simplicity of penalizing unexplained wealth, this offense consistently encounters formidable constitutional objections, legality principles, and rigorous evidentiary thresholds. This study interrogates why illicit enrichment remains doctrinally recalcitrant despite being vigorously promoted by the UNCAC and global financial integrity agendas. It argues that the primary impediment lies not merely within formal legal doctrines, but rather within penal culture, how a constitutional system conceptualizes the moral legitimacy of inferring criminality from wealth and tolerates the shifting of evidentiary burdens. Utilizing a comparative doctrinal, historical, and institutional analysis of Indonesia, Spain, Colombia, and the United Kingdom, this research demonstrates that formal codification does not ensure enforcement efficacy. Illicit enrichment operates effectively only where the penal culture accommodates epistemic asymmetry (Colombia). Conversely, it is constrained by legal formalism (Spain), rejected by legality absolutism requiring a criminal predicate (UK), or perpetually suspended between systemic necessity and legality anxiety (Indonesia). This divergence proves that procedural safeguards and doctrinal caution frequently constrain international norms. Globally, this study contributes a novel theoretical model of penal culture that deconstructs the universalism of international anti-corruption norms, demonstrating that the success of legal transplantation depends entirely upon its compatibility with domestic penal cultures.Artikel ini mengkaji mengapa illicit enrichment (peningkatan kekayaan secara tidak sah) tetap memiliki posisi normatif yang sangat penting namun secara hukum dan praktik tetap sulit diterapkan dalam rezim antikorupsi kontemporer. Meskipun secara konseptual pelanggaran ini sederhana, yaitu mempidanakan kekayaan yang tidak dapat dijelaskan, delik ini secara konsisten menghadapi keberatan konstitusional yang kuat, prinsip legalitas, serta standar pembuktian yang ketat. Studi ini menelaah mengapa illicit enrichment tetap bersifat sulit diadopsi secara doktrinal meskipun secara aktif didorong oleh UNCAC dan agenda integritas keuangan global. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa hambatan utama tidak semata-mata terletak pada doktrin hukum formal, melainkan pada budaya pemidanaan (penal culture), bagaimana suatu sistem konstitusional memaknai legitimasi moral dalam menarik kesimpulan kriminalitas dari kekayaan, serta sejauh mana sistem tersebut menerima pergeseran beban pembuktian. Dengan menggunakan analisis doktrinal komparatif, historis, dan institusional di Indonesia, Spanyol, Kolombia, dan Inggris, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kodifikasi formal tidak otomatis menjamin efektivitas penegakan hukum. Illicit enrichment hanya berfungsi secara efektif dalam konteks budaya pemidanaan yang menerima asimetri epistemik (Kolombia). Sebaliknya, penerapannya dibatasi oleh formalisme hukum yang ketat (Spanyol), ditolak oleh absolutisme asas legalitas yang mensyaratkan adanya tindak pidana dasar (criminal predicate) (Inggris), atau terus berada dalam posisi ambivalen antara kebutuhan sistemik dan kecemasan terhadap legalitas (Indonesia). Perbedaan ini membuktikan bahwa perlindungan prosedural dan kehati-hatian doktrinal sering kali membatasi efektivitas norma internasional. Secara global, studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa model teoretis baru tentang penal culture yang mendekonstruksi klaim universalisme norma antikorupsi internasional, dengan menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan transplantasi hukum sepenuhnya bergantung pada kesesuaiannya dengan budaya pemidanaan domestik.

The Limits of International Justice: International Criminal Court Effectiveness in Genocide Cases Safira Embun Insanidya; Ridwan Arifin; Wildan Azkal Fikri
Sangia Nibandera Law Research Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Sangia Nibandera Law Research, December 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Sembilanbelas November Kolaka

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19655205

This article examines the limits of international justice by assessing the effectiveness of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in prosecuting genocide. Despite its establishment as a permanent tribunal to end impunity for the most serious international crimes, the ICC faces persistent structural, political, and legal challenges that constrain its performance. Drawing on legal effectiveness theory, this study analyzes the extent to which the ICC fulfills its mandate in genocide cases by evaluating key factors such as jurisdictional limitations, state cooperation, evidentiary barriers, and prosecutorial strategy. Using a normative juridical method combined with selected case studies, the article demonstrates that the ICC’s effectiveness is uneven and often dependent on external political will rather than purely legal mechanisms. While the Court has contributed to the development of international criminal law and symbolically reinforced accountability norms, its practical impact on deterring and prosecuting genocide remains limited. The reliance on state cooperation, selective enforcement, and geopolitical considerations frequently undermines its authority and reach. The article argues that the ICC’s challenges are not merely institutional but reflect broader tensions within the international legal order. Strengthening the Court’s effectiveness requires not only procedural reforms but also deeper commitment from states and international actors to uphold accountability for genocide. Ultimately, the ICC represents both a significant achievement and a constrained instrument of international justice.

Breaking the Constitutional Poverty Trap: Socio-Economic Rights and Inequality in Indonesia’s Constitutional Framework Riska Alkadri; Souad Ezzerouali; Ridwan Arifin
Indonesian Constitutional Studies Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): Indonesian Constitutional Studies, April 2025
Publisher : ARTES LIBRES INSTITUTUM

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This study examines the paradox of socio-economic rights within Indonesia’s constitutional framework, demonstrating how their formal recognition has failed to alleviate entrenched inequality, resulting in what can be termed a “constitutional poverty trap.” The primary objective is to analyze the disjunction between constitutional text and social reality, interrogating why constitutional guarantees of education, health, work, and social security have not produced substantive equality. To address this, the research employs a normative legal method, drawing on statute, conceptual, comparative, and case approaches. This methodology allows a critical assessment of the 1945 Constitution’s provisions on socio-economic rights, the Constitutional Court’s jurisprudence, and comparative insights from jurisdictions such as South Africa, India, and Latin America, where doctrines of progressive realization and judicial activism have been developed. The results indicate that while Indonesia’s Constitution embodies robust socio-economic commitments, weak enforcement mechanisms, limited judicial intervention, institutional inefficiency, and oligarchic dominance have prevented these rights from being realized in practice. Moreover, decentralization has generated uneven regional capacities, producing geographic inequality in access to education, healthcare, and social protection. The findings suggest that breaking the constitutional poverty trap requires a multidimensional strategy: strengthening constitutional jurisprudence with doctrines of enforceability, enhancing institutional capacity and accountability, reforming political finance to reduce elite capture, and aligning constitutional guarantees with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals to ensure inclusivity and intergenerational equity. Ultimately, the study contributes to the broader discourse on constitutionalism by arguing that socio-economic rights must be reframed not as symbolic provisions but as binding obligations integral to sustainable development and democratic consolidation.

Faith, Fear, and the Constitution: Religious Freedom and Identity Politics in Indonesia’s Constitutional Jurisprudence Muhtar Said; Ridwan Arifin; Zaka Firma Aditya
Indonesian Constitutional Studies Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): Indonesian Constitutional Studies, April 2025
Publisher : ARTES LIBRES INSTITUTUM

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This study investigates how Indonesia’s Constitutional Court has navigated the dialectic of faith, fear, and the Constitution in its jurisprudence on religious freedom, with particular attention to the implications for pluralism and democratic sustainability. The primary objective is to assess whether the Court has upheld constitutional guarantees of religious liberty or accommodated majoritarian pressures by institutionalizing fear as a constitutional principle. Employing a normative legal research method, the study draws upon a statute approach to analyze constitutional provisions, a case approach to scrutinize landmark decisions such as the 2010 Blasphemy Law ruling, a conceptual approach grounded in theories of constitutional pluralism and militant democracy, and a comparative approach referencing jurisprudence in India, Europe, and North America. The results reveal that while the Court affirms religious freedom in principle, its jurisprudence selectively protects faith, privileging majority interpretations and relegating minority beliefs to conditional entitlements. Fear of unrest and disorder has become a central justification for rights restrictions, reshaping constitutional protections into negotiable privileges rather than universal guarantees. The findings demonstrate that the Constitution itself functions as both a site of principle and pragmatism, oscillating between normative commitments to equality and pragmatic deference to political pressures. Sustainable constitutionalism in Indonesia requires reinterpreting the Constitution as a guarantor of pluralism, reinforcing judicial courage, and embedding international human rights standards into domestic jurisprudence. This research contributes to global debates on religion, identity politics, and constitutional democracy in plural societies.

Reconstructing the Environmental Licensing Law Based on Ecological Justice Achmad Muchsin; I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani; Sri Wartini; Ridwan Arifin
Administrative and Environtmental Law Review Vol 6 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25041/aelr.v6i2.4222

This research examines the legal implications of changing the nomenclature from “environmental permits” to “environmental approvals” in Indonesia’s environmental licensing law. Moving beyond a conventional public law focus, it highlights the role of private law instruments in advancing climate change mitigation and adaptation. The core question addressed is whether this terminological shift aligns with the principles of ecological justice and how environmental licensing law should be reconstructed to uphold these values. Using a doctrinal legal research method, the analysis integrates statutory, conceptual, and philosophical perspectives, employing techniques of interpretation and construction. The findings indicate that while certain reforms under the Job Creation Law support ecological justice, others undermine it. The research concludes that the current framework requires comprehensive reconstruction to more effectively embody ecological justice and strengthen climate action.

Balancing Environmental Protection and Administrative Fairness: A Critical Analysis of Indonesia’s Anti Eco-SLAPP Policy Ilham Dwi Rafiqi; Elsa Diana; Ridwan Arifin
Administrative and Environtmental Law Review Vol 7 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25041/aelr.v7i1.5075

The Anti-Eco-SLAPP provision in Article 66 of Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management is designed to protect environmental defenders from retaliatory lawsuits and criminalization; however, its implementation continues to face significant technical and administrative challenges. This study critically assesses the effectiveness of Anti-Eco-SLAPP regulation, with particular focus on Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry Number 10 of 2024, through the perspective of the General Principles of Good Governance. Employing a normative juridical approach, it analyzes relevant legal norms and policy frameworks and finds that, despite the promise of the regulatory design, its practical impact is weakened by complex administrative procedures and legal uncertainty. The study therefore recommends stronger inter-institutional integration, simplification of procedural requirements, and broader public participation to ensure effective protection for environmental defenders.

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