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The Role of Non-State Actors in 21st Century Public Diplomacy I Kadek Andre Nuaba
Social Science Research Journal Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Oktober
Publisher : Inovasi Saintific Review

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Abstract

Public diplomacy is a form of communication between actors (both government actors and non-state actors) carried out by peaceful methods and aims to form a positive image of the country abroad. Globalization has created many changes in the practice of public diplomacy, especially on media and the involvement of actors in diplomacy. Those bring openness and connectivity between actors regardless of geographical location (borderless). Thus, this article tries to analyze how the role of non-state actors in public diplomacy in the midst of globalization era. Constructivist approach of this article is to see the practice of public diplomacy not merely to achieve national interests, but how to create inter-state awareness in peaceful ways. The conclusion of this article is that non-state actors have equal power as government actors in the practice of public diplomacy, the existence of non-state actors is not to weaken the role of government actors, but to strengthen each other to achieve peace and diplomatic mission.
Indonesia's Interests in the Publication of the Indonesia-Peru Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IP-CEPA) Defri Gustiawarman; M. Supriyadi; Ryvo D'Novaliano; I Kadek Andre Nuaba
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 13 No 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2026.13.1.18241

Abstract

Abstract This study discusses Indonesia's interest in establishing the Indonesia–Peru Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IP-CEPA) to expand cross-regional economic cooperation. The background of this study stems from the growing trend of globalization and economic interdependence between countries, which has prompted Indonesia to expand its export markets and forge strategic partnerships with non-traditional partners such as developing countries in South America. This study employs a qualitative descriptive method with a literature review. The findings indicate that although the IP-CEPA is essentially an instrument of economic and trade cooperation, this agreement also encompasses two other important pillars, namely institutional strengthening and diplomatic ties between countries (the bonding pillar) and the development of community-to-community relations through collaboration in the fields of education, culture, and business (the people pillar). These three pillars demonstrate that Indonesia's interests are not merely economic but also strategic, as it seeks to expand its social and political networks across the region. Despite Indonesia’s interest in the agreement, the IP-CEPA faces various challenges, including the considerable geographical distance, which will inevitably affect logistics costs, as well as intense competition from other Southeast Asian countries, such as Thailand and Vietnam, in exporting to Peru. Despite the various challenges, the IP-CEPA agreement offers significant economic benefits, including diversification into new export markets and increased access for flagship products, particularly in South America, with Peru serving as the primary gateway. Keywords: Economic, Indonesia’s Interest, IP-CEPA Abstrak Penelitian ini membahas kepentingan Indonesia dalam penghadiran Indonesia–Peru Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IP-CEPA) sebagai upaya memperluas kerja sama ekonomi lintas kawasan. Latar belakang penelitian ini berangkat dari meningkatnya arus globalisasi dan interdependensi ekonomi antarnegara, yang mendorong Indonesia untuk memperluas pasar ekspor serta menjalin kemitraan strategis dengan mitra nontradisional seperti kelompok negara berkembang di Amerika Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa meskipun IP-CEPA pada dasarnya merupakan instrumen kerja sama ekonomi dan perdagangan, perjanjian ini juga mencakup dua pilar penting lainnya, yaitu penguatan institusional dan diplomasi antar negara (bonding pillar) serta pengembangan hubungan antar komunitas melalui kolaborasi di bidang pendidikan, budaya, dan bisnis (people pillar). Ketiga pilar ini menunjukkan bahwa kepentingan Indonesia tidak hanya bersifat ekonomi, tetapi juga strategis dalam memperluas jaringan sosial dan politiknya di kawasan. Terlepas daripada ketertarikan Indonesia di dalamnya, IP-CEPA ini sebenarnya juga menghadapi berbagai tantangan seperti kondisi geografi yang terbilang jauh yang tentunya akan berdampak terhadap biaya logistik hingga tingginya angka kompetisi ekspor negara Asia Tenggara lainnya seperti Tailan dan Vietnam ke Peru. Meskipun hadir berbagai bentuk tantangan yang ada, perjanjian IP-CEPA ini sendiri juga menawarkan keuntungan ekonomi yang terbilang besar yaitu sebagai upaya diversifikasi pasar ekspor baru dan peningkatan akses produk unggulan terutama di kawasan Amerika Selatan dengan Peru sebagai gerbang utamanya. Dengan demikian, IP-CEPA bukan hanya instrumen ekonomi, tetapi juga sarana strategis untuk memperkuat posisi Indonesia sebagai eksportir barang dan produk di kawasan Amerika Selatan secara berkelanjutan. Kata kunci: Ekonomi, Kepentingan Indonesia, IP-CEPA