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All Journal Journal of Vocational Studies on Applied Research
Enggar Sulistyo Wibisono
Department of Industrial Technology, Vocational College, Universitas Diponegoro, Jalan Gubernur Mochtar, 50275 Semarang
Engineering

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Optimization of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Production Using Papain Enzyme and Tempe Yeast to Enhance Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) Content Enggar Sulistyo Wibisono; Vita Paramita
Journal of Vocational Studies on Applied Research 2025: JVSAR, Volume 7 Issue 1 Year 2025 (April 2025)
Publisher : Vocational College of Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jvsar.v7i1.29248

Abstract

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a high-value derivative product of coconut that contains lauric acid as the major component of Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCTs). This research aimed to optimize VCO production using a combination of papain enzyme and tempeh yeast to enhance MCT content. The study employed a Central Composite Design-Response Surface Method (CCD-RSM) with two factors: ratio of papain enzyme to tempeh yeast, and fermentation time. The results showed that the yield of VCO ranged from 5.00% to 7.96%, with the highest yield obtained at a fermentation time of 36 h and a papain/yeast ratio of 1/1.33. The water content ranged from 0.90% to 1.25%, free fatty acid (FFA) values ranged between 0.35% and 0.69%, and peroxide values between 1.06–2.41 meq/kg. GC-MS analysis indicated lauric acid (C12:0) as the dominant fatty acid, with a total Medium-Chain Fatty Acid (MCFA) content of 57.77%.
Optimization of Natural Lip Tint Formulation Using Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and Waru Leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) Extracts with Enhanced Sun Protection Factor Yunita Dwi Asari; Devano Gothicardo; Enggar Sulistyo Wibisono; Indah Hartati; Vita Paramita
Journal of Vocational Studies on Applied Research 2025: JVSAR, Volume 7 Issue 1 Year 2025 (April 2025)
Publisher : Vocational College of Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jvsar.v7i1.28440

Abstract

This study aimed to optimize the formulation of a natural lip tint utilizing red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and Waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) extracts, with ZnO incorporated to enhance sun protection performance. The optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), employing three independent variables—extract ratio (1:2, 1:3, 1:4), homogenization speed (5,000–12,000 rpm), and homogenization time (4–10 min)—ultimately generating 16 formulation trials. Key phytochemical responses, including betacyanin, anthocyanin, and SPF, alongside stability parameters (pH, viscosity, and density), were systematically evaluated to assess formulation performance. The optimal formulation containing ZnO (F6) produced 0.0129% betacyanin, 0.0590% anthocyanin, and an SPF value of 18.1, whereas the optimal formulation without ZnO (F15) yielded 0.0140% betacyanin, 0.0428% anthocyanin, and an SPF value of 12.7. The RSM optimization model further predicted betacyanin, anthocyanin, and SPF values of 0.0104%, 0.0593%, and 13.89 for formulations with ZnO, and 0.0109%, 0.0434%, and 11.05 for formulations without ZnO. These outcomes demonstrate that extract ratio and homogenization conditions play a critical role in determining pigment concentration, stability, and UV-protective performance, confirming the feasibility of developing a plant-based lip tint with improved functional properties through ZnO-enhanced formulation optimization.
Co-Authors Devano Gothicardo Indah Hartati Vita Paramita Yunita Dwi Asari