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All Journal Lire Journal (Journal of Linguistics and Literature)
Sun Jiaze
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Arts Humanities Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media

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FROM EXCLAMATION TO POETIC SHAPING: THE FUNCTIONS AND AESTHETIC TRANSFORMATION OF INTERJECTIONS IN CHINESE POETRY Sun Jiaze; Mulyadi
Lire Journal (Journal of Linguistics and Literature) Vol. 10 No. 3 (2026): In Progress
Publisher : Elite Laboratory Jurusan Sastra Inggris Universitas Bangka Belitung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33019/lire.v10i3.606

Abstract

Interjections and exclamatory particles have often been treated as marginal linguistic forms because they appear syntactically detached, semantically unstable, and strongly dependent on context. In poetry, however, these small units may become concentrated sites of rhythm, emotional pressure, tonal transition, and aesthetic organization. This article examines the functions of interjections in Chinese poetry from early and classical traditions to modern poetry. Using a qualitative, text-based design, the study combines close reading, comparative textual analysis, and historical-poetic interpretation. The corpus consists of selected passages from the Canglang song and Chuci tradition, Li Bai’s Shu Dao Nan, Su Shi’s Qian Chibi Fu, Wen Yiduo’s Hongzhu, and selected poems by Mu Dan. The analysis is organized through five operational indicators of what this article calls the poetic shaping function: rhythmic shaping, tonal shaping, structural shaping, subjective or embodied shaping, and cultural shaping. The findings show that in classical poetry forms such as xi, hu, zai, and related exclamatory particles, condense emotion while also regulating cadence and rhetorical pressure. In later classical usage, these particles accumulate cultural memory and transform direct exclamation into lament, reflection, and philosophical modulation. In modern poetry, especially in Wen Yiduo and Mu Dan, interjections become more visible and structurally active: a and o/oh not only express emotion but also organize address, pause, perception, bodily tension, and modern subjectivity. The study argues that interjections are therefore not peripheral residues of speech but formative aesthetic micro-units in Chinese poetic language.
RECLASSIFYING CHINESE PHRASE STRUCTURES: FROM FORMAL CONFIGURATION TO SEMANTIC RELATIONS Sun Jiaze; Mulyadi; Arga Lubis
Lire Journal (Journal of Linguistics and Literature) Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): Lire Journal (Journal of Linguistics and Literature): In Progress
Publisher : Elite Laboratory Jurusan Sastra Inggris Universitas Bangka Belitung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33019/lire.v10i2.604

Abstract

The classification of Chinese phrase structures has traditionally been based on formal configuration, especially categories such as subject-predicate, verb-object, and modifier-head constructions. Although this approach is descriptively useful, it does not always explain why phrases with similar forms show different syntactic behavior, or why different forms may perform similar grammatical functions. This study therefore proposes a reclassification of Chinese phrase structures from formal configuration to semantic relations. Using a qualitative corpus-based descriptive design, the study analyzes 800 modern Chinese phrase tokens drawn from dictionaries, literary texts, news discourse, and linguistic studies. The findings show that semantic classification more effectively explains phenomena such as same form, different function, different form, same function, and form-meaning divergence. The study identifies core semantic relations, including agent-action, patient-action, instrument-action, location-action, object-action, restrictive, coordinative, and complementive relations, and demonstrates that these are closely related to sentence-convertibility, collocational compatibility, nominalization tendency, and ambiguity resolution. Through examples such as ???? (réncái ji?oliú), ???? (xuézh? t?olùn), ??? (shài tàiyáng), and ??? (xi? fángzi), the study argues that semantic relations provide a more adequate explanatory basis for Chinese phrase classification. It concludes that formal structure remains an important descriptive layer, while semantic relations offer a more explanatory framework for analysing Chinese phrase structures, especially in cases involving ambiguity, form–meaning divergence, and differences in syntactic behaviour. 
Co-Authors Arga Lubis Mulyadi