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All Journal Lex Journal : Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan
Yovan Iristian
Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Climate-Induced Displacement and the Regulatory Void: Formulating Legal Protections for Environmental Refugees Ginanjar Wahyu Hariadi; Dul Kodir; Yovan Iristian
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S2 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS2.12756

Abstract

Climate change has emerged as an existential catalyst for human mobility, causing widespread environmental degradation, sea-level rise, severe drought, and extreme weather events that displace millions of individuals across international borders. Despite the escalating scale of this humanitarian crisis, individuals forced to migrate due to environmental disruption exist within a distinct legal limbo. International refugee law, fundamentally anchored in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, excludes climate-induced displacement from its protection criteria, which strictly require individualized persecution based on race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion. This study investigates the governance vacuums surrounding environmental displacement and evaluates avenues for normative legal reform. Utilizing a qualitative normative-legal approach and comparative international law analysis, this research addresses two core discussion themes: first, the structural limitations of the 1951 Refugee Convention alongside the evolving jurisprudence of human rights-based non-refoulement obligations, specifically examining the landmark decision in Teitiota v. New Zealand and the restrictive legal doctrine of "imminence"; and second, the formulation of legal protection frameworks by assessing regional instruments—such as the African Union's Kampala Convention and Latin America's Cartagena Declaration—as functional blueprints for expanding complementary protections, establishing cumulative human rights returnability thresholds, and institutionalizing global normative standards.
Constitutionalizing Digital Sovereignty: State Control Over Data Infrastructure and Its Implications for Fundamental Rights Andi Syadi Pratama Putra; Abriantinus; Yovan Iristian
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S2 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS2.12757

Abstract

The digital transformation of global society has fundamentally reshaped the intersection between state authority, technological infrastructure, and individual rights. Historically conceptualized through physical land borders and territorial jurisdiction, state sovereignty is increasingly projected into cyberspace as governments seek to reassert control over data flows, physical network architecture, and digital service providers. This research paper examines the constitutionalization of digital sovereignty, critically analyzing how state control over data infrastructure impacts fundamental human rights. Utilizing a qualitative normative-legal research methodology integrated with comparative constitutional law analysis, the study addresses two core discussion themes: first, the theoretical, doctrinal, and infrastructural foundations of digital sovereignty, evaluating how states deploy data localization mandates, national domain filtering, and sovereign cloud initiatives to resist foreign platform dominance and digital colonialism; and second, the severe human rights implications of state-centric data infrastructure control, focusing on constitutional threats to privacy and freedom of expression. By examining empirical regulatory frameworks—most notably Indonesia's Ministerial Regulation No. 5/2020 on Private Electronic System Operators alongside broader international practices—this article illustrates how broad administrative take-down powers, mandatory backend access, and infrastructure blocking undermine democratic checks and balances. Ultimately, the paper argues for the imperative of digital constitutionalism, a normative framework that subjects state infrastructure control to strict judicial oversight, procedural due process, and the constitutional principle of proportionality.
Regulatory Sandboxes and Administrative Agility: Balancing Innovation Speed with Public Accountability in Emerging Tech Governance Musa Antipas Maarang; Yovan Iristian
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S2 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS2.12758

Abstract

The rapid advance of emerging technologies—including artificial intelligence, decentralized financial platforms, and automated public decision-making systems—presents a fundamental pacing challenge for legal and administrative frameworks. Traditional statutory regulation, anchored in static ex-ante rules and deliberate legislative processes, struggles to adapt to algorithmic business models, giving rise to persistent regulatory lag. In response, administrative authorities globally have embraced regulatory sandboxes as premier instruments of experimental governance. By enabling firms to test novel applications under supervised, time-bound regulatory relief, sandboxes seek to foster administrative agility and reduce information asymmetries between regulators and market actors. However, substituting general statutory rules with administrative discretion creates severe tensions with core public law principles. This paper examines the governance dynamics of regulatory sandboxes across two central themes: first, the conceptual foundations and comparative typologies of sandboxes in balancing administrative agility with legal certainty; and second, the imperative of preserving public accountability, avoiding regulatory capture, and safeguarding baseline rights within experimental legal regimes. Synthesizing insights from administrative law and regulatory policy, this study demonstrates that sandboxes must not operate as Light-Regulation zones or informal liability shields. Instead, experimental governance requires a structured Accountability and Liability Protocol grounded in explicit statutory authority, mandatory supply-chain role mapping, non-waivable consumer protections, and rigorous supervisory transparency.
Co-Authors Abriantinus Ahmad Setiyohadi Akbar Arfansyah Amos Apui Andi Syadi Pratama Putra Asse Depi Angga Alpiana Dul Kodir Dwi Kartini Faizah Al Habsyi Fatimah Nur Fauzia Ginanjar Wahyu Hariadi Jehezkiel A.L Lantang Marlinda Martha Fenny Pandi Muhammad Soleh Musa Antipas Maarang Nang Engki Anom Suseno Ogi Pracoyo Pertamaputra Djohan Prettysita Kusuma Wardhani Putri Rosmala Dewi Reza Anggara Bahar Riaji Kurniadin Rio Sabryan Ferdiansyah Yeri Antoni