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Design and Simulation of Optimized Load Frequency Control in Multi-Area Electrical Interconnection Systems Ihsan Jabbar Hasan; Saif Ahmed Abed; Nahla Abdul Jalil Salih; Nadhir Ibrahim Abdulkhaleq
Aviation Electronics, Information Technology, Telecommunications, Electricals, and Controls (AVITEC) Vol 7, No 3 (2025): November (Special Issue)
Publisher : Institut Teknologi Dirgantara Adisutjipto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28989/avitec.v7i3.3082

Abstract

Maintaining frequency stability in modern interconnected power systems is critical for operational reliability, especially under varying load demands. Load Frequency Control (LFC) plays a pivotal role in balancing power exchanges and preserving nominal frequency across multi-area grids. This paper presents the design, modeling, and optimization of a two-area Load Frequency Control (LFC) system in interconnected power networks using MATLAB/Simulink. Each area comprises a governor, turbine, generator-load system, and a PID controller to regulate frequency deviations and maintain system stability following load disturbances. The study investigates the effects of key system parameters—including governor and turbine time constants, generator inertia, and tie-line coupling—on dynamic performance. To address mismatched responses between areas, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is employed to tune system parameters and improve coordination. The optimization aims to minimize frequency deviations and tie-line power fluctuations while enhancing system response. Simulation results show that the proposed optimization approach significantly improves dynamic performance. Specifically, frequency deviations in both areas are reduced by over 55%, tie-line power fluctuation is minimized by 62.5%, and settling times for frequency responses are shortened by over 44%. These improvements demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimization strategy in enhancing inter-area coordination and system resilience. The framework also serves as a practical simulation-based educational tool for power engineering students and researchers to exploreLFC design and control strategies in multi-area systems.
Adaptive Power Management for Multi-User Indoor LiFi Communication Systems using Evolutionary Algorithms Saif Ahmed Abed; Nahla Abdul Jalil Salih; Ihsan Jabbar Hasan; Nadhir Ibrahim Abdulkhaleq
Jurnal ELTIKOM : Jurnal Teknik Elektro, Teknologi Informasi dan Komputer Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : P3M Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31961/eltikom.v10i1.1652

Abstract

Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems have emerged as a promising alternative to RF-based solutions, especially in electromagnetic-sensitive environments such as hospitals and aircraft cabins. This study presents a MATLAB-based simulation of an indoor VLC setup using corner and center LED array layouts in an emer-gency room scenario. The model supports variations in room length and user density and applies a genetic al-gorithm (GA) for dynamic LED current optimization to improve coverage fairness. This paper proposes an adaptive beam-shaping and power-optimization framework for multi-user indoor LiFi communication systems. The design is particularly suited for environments sensitive to electromagnetic interference (EMI), such as hospitals and emergency rooms, where RF-based systems may pose risks or interfere with medical equipment. Simulation results show that the corner configuration consistently outperformed the center configuration in terms of minimum and average received power, especially in larger rooms (10 m to 12 m) and with higher user numbers (6 to 8). For instance, in the corner case, the mean received power changed from 1.4075×10⁻⁶ to 1.3808×10⁻⁶ W when the number of users increased from 6 to 8, whereas in the center case it dropped from 1.0154×10⁻⁶ to 7.9926×10⁻⁷ W. Additionally, the optimal minimum power improved in larger rooms and with higher user densities, thus helping maintain communication even for the weakest users. The results confirm that GA-based current shaping improves energy efficiency and signal distribution, making this approach valu-able for robust and future-ready VLC applications in emergency scenarios.