Windi Afdal
Faculty of Law, Universitas Internasional Batam

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ETHICAL BOUNDARIES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING PATENTS IN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA Hari Sutra Disemadi; Nor Akhmal Hasmin; David Tan; Windi Afdal; Nadia Carolina Weley
Masalah-Masalah Hukum Vol 55, No 1 (2026): MASALAH-MASALAH HUKUM
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/mmh.55.1.2026.148-170

Abstract

Genetic engineering increasingly pushes the boundaries of science, technology, and ethics by raising difficult questions about the acceptable limits of human intervention in living organisms. Its relationship with intellectual property law is particularly complex because patent protection is intended to reward innovation and encourage scientific development, while also being constrained by ethical limits expressed through ordre public and morality principles. This study examines how Indonesian and Malaysian intellectual property law regulate patent protection for genetic engineering inventions, particularly in relation to ethical safeguards. Using doctrinal legal research with a comparative approach, this study analyses the relevant patent statutes, legal concepts, and regulatory structures in both jurisdictions. The findings show that Indonesia provides a relatively stronger legal basis than Malaysia, mainly because its patent framework contains more developed definitions concerning invention, technology, and scientific methods. These definitions create broader conceptual space for recognising genetic engineering as a patentable field while also allowing ethical considerations to be developed through implementing regulations. However, Indonesia still lacks concrete examination standards and operational mechanisms for assessing ethical risks in genetic engineering patents. Malaysia, by contrast, recognises ordre public and morality clauses only at a general level and primarily uses them as grounds for refusing patent applications. Its legal framework also provides only limited acknowledgement of the patentability of genetic engineering inventions, especially in relation to microorganisms, without establishing a clear ethical review mechanism. This study argues that both jurisdictions require stronger normative and institutional safeguards to ensure that patent protection for genetic engineering does not undermine public morality, human dignity, environmental integrity, or broader public interest. Indonesia should develop implementing regulations and patent-examination guidelines that translate its broader amended patent definitions into concrete ethical safeguards. Malaysia should amend the Patents Act 1983 to provide an explicit ethical review mechanism for genetic-engineering-derived microorganism patents and clearer standards for applying ordre public and morality exclusions.
RECONSTRUCTING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF TRADE SECRET PROTECTION VIS-À-VIS CYBER THEFT: A Cross-Jurisdictional Comparative Study Hari Sutra Disemadi; Upankar Chutia; Windi Afdal; Vicko Taniady; David Tan
Jurisdictie: Jurnal Hukum dan Syariah Vol 16, No 1 (2025): Jurisdictie
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/j.v16i1.32563

Abstract

The growing incidence of cyber theft has exposed critical deficiencies in trade secret protection regimes, particularly in jurisdictions lacking integrated cybersecurity measures. This study analyses the legal frameworks of Indonesia, India, and Australia, using the United States' Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) as a benchmark to evaluate their capacity to address digital trade secret misappropriation. Employing a comparative legal methodology, it examines statutory provisions, judicial interpretations, and enforcement mechanisms relevant to cybersecurity threats. The findings reveal that while Indonesia has enacted a trade secret statute, it lacks procedural safeguards specifically designed to address cyber theft. India and Australia, by contrast, depend on disjointed protections rooted in contract law, breach of confidence, and general cybercrime statutes. None of the jurisdictions provide a robust legal framework incorporating vital cybersecurity components such as ex-parte seizure, digital evidence management, or encryption standards. These shortcomings highlight a critical vulnerability in safeguarding proprietary information amidst escalating cyber threats. The study underscores the urgent need for legislative reform to align trade secret protection with contemporary cybersecurity challenges. Its insights contribute to the ongoing academic and legal discourse on the adequacy of current laws in mitigating cyber-enabled intellectual property violations. Meningkatnya insiden pencurian siber telah mengungkap kelemahan mendasar dalam rezim perlindungan rahasia dagang, terutama di yurisdiksi yang belum mengintegrasikan langkah-langkah keamanan siber dalam kerangka hukumnya. Studi ini menganalisis sistem hukum Indonesia, India, dan Australia, dengan membandingkannya terhadap Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) dari Amerika Serikat untuk menilai efektivitasnya dalam menangani penyalahgunaan rahasia dagang secara digital. Dengan pendekatan hukum komparatif, kajian ini mengevaluasi ketentuan undang-undang, doktrin yurisprudensi, dan mekanisme penegakan yang relevan terhadap ancaman siber. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Indonesia memiliki undang-undang khusus, perlindungan prosedural terhadap pencurian siber belum memadai. India dan Australia justru mengandalkan perlindungan yang terfragmentasi melalui hukum kontrak, asas kepercayaan, dan regulasi kejahatan siber umum. Tidak satu pun dari ketiga negara menyediakan kerangka hukum menyeluruh yang mencakup unsur penting seperti penyitaan ex-parte, pengelolaan bukti digital, atau standar enkripsi. Kekosongan ini menunjukkan lemahnya perlindungan terhadap informasi bisnis sensitif di tengah meningkatnya ancaman digital. Studi ini menekankan urgensi reformasi legislatif untuk menyelaraskan perlindungan rahasia dagang dengan tantangan keamanan siber modern. Temuan ini memberi kontribusi penting bagi wacana akademik dan hukum terkait perlindungan kekayaan intelektual di era digital.