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All Journal Iustitia: Journal of Legal Theory, Politics, and International Relations Safīnah: Indonesian Journal of Sharia and Islamic Sciences
Afkarul Azmi
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

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Cyber Sovereignty and International Law: Legal Challenges in the Digital Age Maulana Anwar; Afkarul Azmi
Iustitia: Journal of Legal Theory, Politics, and International Relations Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): February: Iustitia: Journal of Legal Theory, Politics, and International Relati
Publisher : CV SCRIPTA INTELEKTUAL MANDIRI

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This article examines the evolving doctrine of cyber sovereignty within contemporary international law through a non-empirical doctrinal and comparative legal approach. It reconstructs the normative foundations of sovereignty in cyberspace by analyzing the United Nations Charter, customary international law, state responsibility principles, and national regulatory frameworks, including Indonesia’s Electronic Information and Transactions Law and related implementing regulations. The study clarifies the relationship between jurisdiction, due diligence, and attribution in determining the legality of state conduct in cross-border cyber operations. Comparative legal policy analysis demonstrates that divergent regulatory models ranging from sovereignty-centric territorial control to cooperative multistakeholder governance reflect competing interpretations of sovereignty rather than its decline. The findings indicate that cyber sovereignty functions as a relational and adaptive principle conditioned by proportionality, human rights safeguards, and cooperative responsibility. By integrating doctrinal interpretation with comparative assessment of state practice, the article advances a structured analytical framework that reconciles sovereign autonomy with global digital interdependence and contributes to the development of coherent international legal standards for cyberspace governance.  
Islamic Education Reform: Integrating Tradition and Modern Pedagogy Elinda Novita Dewi; Mahfud Heru Fatoni; Afkarul Azmi; Ainur Rofiq Sofa; Achmad Afif Fikri; Khodijah Asshofiah; Fitrahtul Saahira Khairunnisa
Indonesian Journal of Sharia and Islamic Sciences Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): January: Safīnah: Indonesian Journal of Sharia and Islamic Sciences
Publisher : CV SCRIPTA INTELEKTUAL MANDIRI

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Islamic education is increasingly challenged to remain relevant amid rapid social, technological, and cultural transformations. This article examines Islamic education reform through the integration of traditional Islamic scholarship and modern pedagogical approaches, highlighting its implications for curriculum development, teaching practices, and socio-cultural outcomes. Using a qualitative normative approach based on contemporary literature, this study analyzes how integrative reform models enable Islamic educational institutions to respond to globalization while maintaining their epistemological and ethical foundations. The findings indicate that integrating tradition and modern pedagogy enhances graduate adaptability, ethical competence, and social engagement without undermining religious identity. Furthermore, the reform supports institutional sustainability by aligning educational goals with societal expectations and global educational standards. This study argues that integrated Islamic education reform is not merely a pedagogical adjustment but a comprehensive transformation that redefines the role of Islamic education in modern Muslim societies. The article contributes to the broader discourse on educational reform by positioning Islamic education as a dynamic system capable of balancing continuity and change
Co-Authors Achmad Afif Fikri Ainur Rofiq Sofa Elinda Novita Dewi Fitrahtul Saahira Khairunnisa Khodijah Asshofiah Mahfud Heru Fatoni Maulana Anwar