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All Journal IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT)
Aminurrashid Noordin
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Automotive Engineering Computer Science & IT Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Development of autonomous quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle using APM 2.8 flight controller Mohd Yusuf Amran; Mohd Ariffanan Mohd Basri; Aminurrashid Noordin
IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) Vol 15, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijra.v15i1.pp63-70

Abstract

This paper presents the development of a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using the APM 2.8 flight controller as the core of its navigation and control system. The project aims to design, assemble, and evaluate a stable and cost-effective quadcopter platform suitable for basic autonomous flight tasks such as waypoint navigation and altitude hold. The system incorporates essential components, including brushless DC motors, ESCs, a GPS module, a telemetry radio, and a power distribution system, integrated with the APM 2.8 running on the ArduPilot firmware. Waypoints are planned via Mission Planner software, with a flight control system embedded in the firmware. Real-world flight tests were conducted to evaluate the UAV’s performance in executing autonomously predefined survey grid and zigzag waypoints trajectories over open terrain. The root mean square error (RMSE) was calculated to assess the performance of waypoint tracking accuracy. The results show that the quadcopter UAV achieved an RMSE of 1.78 meters during zigzag waypoint tracking and 1.56 meters during survey grid, demonstrating reliable flight control performance offered by the APM 2.8 for basic autonomous mission tasks. This work highlights the feasibility of using APM 2.8 for cost-effective UAV development in research, education, and prototyping purposes.
Performance evaluation of a solar-driven IoT water quality monitoring system using descriptive and ANOVA analysis Suziana Ahmad; Arfah Ahmad; Muhammad Uwais Mohammad Raffee; Amirul Syafiq Sadun; Aminurrashid Noordin; Mohd Firdaus Mohd Ab Halim
International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) Vol 15, No 3: September 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1385-1394

Abstract

Water quality monitoring is vital for protecting aquatic ecosystems and ensuring sustainable water resource management. Traditional manual sampling methods are often costly, time-consuming, and unsuitable for real-time assessment. This study presents a newly designed solar-powered IoT-based water quality monitoring system for remote and continuous data collection. The system utilizes an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with pH, temperature, and total dissolved solids (TDS) sensors, powered by a 10W solar panel. Data is transmitted to a cloud-based platform wirelessly, enabling remote access and visualization via a mobile app. Performance evaluation included descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA across four sampling sites. ANOVA results showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in water quality parameters among locations, confirming the system’s sensitivity. Sensor accuracy was validated against standard meters, revealing mean relative errors below 5% for pH and TDS. The system reliably provides real-time, accurate data, supporting proactive water quality management. Integrating IoT with renewable energy offers a cost-effective, scalable, and energy-efficient solution for environmental monitoring in remote or resource-limited areas.
Co-Authors Amirul Syafiq Sadun Arfah Ahmad Mohd Ariffanan Mohd Basri Mohd Firdaus Mohd Ab Halim Mohd Yusuf Amran Muhammad Uwais Mohammad Raffee Suziana Ahmad