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All Journal Scientia Psychiatrica Scientific Journal of Pediatrics
Sohyuk Kim
Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Geum-Jeong Research Center, Busan, South Korea
Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Public Health

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Early Childhood Feeding Practices and the Development of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC): A Prospective Cohort Study in Medan, Indonesia Andhika Kurnianta Kusuma; Muhammad Ashraf; Yi-Fen Huang; Aprilia Sari; Firman Hadi; Sohyuk Kim
Scientific Journal of Pediatrics Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Scientific Journal of Pediatrics
Publisher : Phlox Institute: Indonesian Medical Research Organization

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59345/sjped.v2i2.175

Abstract

Introduction: Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is a significant public health problem, particularly in developing countries like Indonesia. Early childhood feeding practices are recognized as major risk factors, but prospective data from specific regions like Medan, Indonesia, are limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between various feeding practices and the development of S-ECC in a cohort of children in Medan. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 450 mother-child dyads recruited from Posyandu (integrated health posts) in Medan, Indonesia. Baseline data on maternal demographics, socioeconomic status, oral health knowledge, and infant feeding practices were collected via questionnaires and interviews. Children were followed up at 6-month intervals for 36 months. Dental examinations were performed by calibrated dentists using the dmft index (decayed, missing, filled teeth) to diagnose S-ECC. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze the association between feeding practices and S-ECC development, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The incidence of S-ECC at 36 months was 38.2% (n=172). Prolonged bottle feeding (beyond 12 months) (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 2.15; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.55-2.98; p<0.001), nocturnal bottle feeding with sweetened liquids (HR = 2.85; 95% CI: 2.01-4.03; p<0.001), and frequent consumption of sugary snacks/drinks (≥3 times/day) (HR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.38-2.67; p<0.001) were significantly associated with an increased risk of S-ECC. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months showed a protective effect (HR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.45-0.86; p=0.004), even after adjusting for socioeconomic status and maternal oral health knowledge. Conclusion: This study confirms the significant impact of early childhood feeding practices on S-ECC development in Medan, Indonesia. Prolonged and nocturnal bottle feeding, particularly with sweetened liquids, and frequent consumption of sugary snacks/drinks were key risk factors. Promoting exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months and educating mothers about appropriate feeding practices are crucial for S-ECC prevention in this population.
Transferability of an Antidepressant-Response DNA Methylation Signature to rTMS Outcomes in Treatment-Resistant Depression Rachmat Hidayat; Abu Bakar; Sohyuk Kim
Scientia Psychiatrica Vol. 7 No. 4 (2026): Scientia Psychiatrica
Publisher : HM Publisher in collaboration with CMHC Research Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/scipsy.v7i4.222

Abstract

Background. Baseline DNA methylation has been linked to antidepressant outcomes. Candidate signals need cross-treatment testing before translational interpretation. Objective. To test whether five antidepressant-response CpGs in CHN2, JAK2, SCN7A, and IQANK1 transfer to outcomes after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treatment-resistant depression. Methods. This secondary analysis used 46 participants of the public GSE300009 cohort with baseline blood methylation and paired Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores. The primary outcome was PHQ-9 improvement. Response (≥50% improvement) and remission (end-treatment PHQ-9 <5) were secondary. Effects per 1-SD higher CpG M-value were estimated with covariate-adjusted linear models (HC3 standard errors) and bias-reduced logistic models. Holm correction, rank correlations, leave-one-out diagnostics, sensitivity analyses, and repeated nested five-fold cross-validation tested robustness and incremental prediction. Results. Mean PHQ-9 fell from 22.3 to 8.9. Calculated response occurred in 31 participants (67.4%) and remission in 18 (39.1%). After multiplicity correction, no CpG was associated with continuous improvement (Holm-adjusted p = 1.000). Two CHN2 CpGs showed nominal inverse associations with remission, not response: cg06926818, odds ratio 0.36 (95% confidence interval 0.15–0.84), p = 0.018, Holm-adjusted p = 0.089; cg23687322, odds ratio 0.41 (0.19–0.89), p = 0.024, Holm-adjusted p = 0.095. Under one-standard-error regularization, adding the CpGs left root-mean-square error unchanged. The area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve rose by 0.012 for response and 0.059 for remission, with intervals compatible with no benefit. Conclusion. The panel did not transfer as a dependable marker of continuous improvement or response. CHN2-remission signals remain hypothesis-generating. Larger, prospectively harmonized external validation must precede clinical use.
Co-Authors Abu Bakar Andhika Kurnianta Kusuma Aprilia Sari Firman Hadi Muhammad Ashraf RACHMAT HIDAYAT Yi-Fen Huang