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All Journal Journal of Community Empowerment for Health IJRETINA - International Journal of Retina
Vera Nurohmah Indrawati
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Education Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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Association of the VEGF +405C/G gene polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy in an Indonesian (Yogyakarta) population Supanji Supanji; Dewi Fathin Romdhoniyyah; Dinda Mutiara Maharani; Aurelia Priscilla Regita Putri; Hifdza Faza Felisha; Vera Nurohmah Indrawati; Ummi Noor Hasanah; Shanti Widya; Nurul Imawati; Eko Aribowo; Agit Seno Adisetiadi; Eva Revana; Tri Winarti; Muhammad Robikhul Ikhsan; Vina Yanti Susanti; Mohammad Eko Prayogo; Firman Setya Wardhana; Muhammad Bayu Sasongko
Journal of Community Empowerment for Health Vol 9, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcoemph.113213

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a major cause of vision loss, and while chronic hyperglycemia drives its pathogenesis, inconsistent findings on the VEGF +405G/C polymorphism and the absence of Indonesian data highlight the need to clarify potential genetic susceptibility. The purpose is to determine the association between the VEGF +405C/G rs2010963 gene polymorphism and the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in an Indonesian population.Methods: Our observational case-control study enrolled 100 type-2 diabetes mellitus patients (50 DR patients vs. 50 non-DR)  who underwent comprehensive clinical and ophthalmic examinations. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and the VEGF +405C/G rs2010963 polymorphism was genotyped using RFLP-PCR, with results confirmed by sequencing.Results: Our study included a total of 100 participants with no significant differences in baseline characteristics other than poorer visual acuity and significantly higher LDL and lower HDL levels in the DR case group. Allelic and genotypic distributions of the VEGF +405 rs2010963 polymorphism were similar between both groups, with HWE equilibrium analysis showing no significant deviation. Neither crude (GG; crude OR 0.32 [0.87 - 1.21]), age and sex-adjusted analysis (0.41 [0.11 - 1.60]), nor blood pressure, HbA1c level, BMI, and smoking status-adjusted OR of 0.38 (0.70 - 2.06), demonstrated a significant association between VEGF +405 rs2010963 polymorphisms and DR risk in our cohorts.Conclusion: Our study suggests that VEGF +405C/G polymorphisms may not serve as an independent risk factor for DR in the Indonesian population.
Interleukin-1 (ɑ&β) Polymorphism and Bevacizumab Response in Neovascular AMD: Jogja Ageing and Genomic AMD Determinant (JAGAD) Study Number 4 Supanji Supanji; Dewi Fathin Romdhoniyyah; Yola Aulia Alvionita; Kayla Prihatka Salsabila; Septya Olivia Anggraeni; Dewi Megarani Ar-Rosyid; Vera Nurohmah Indrawati; Khairunnissaa' Qonitatun H.; Neilil Muna Mufidana; Dinda Ajeng Anindita; Syania Nursawitri; Sekar Syahriza; Hifdza Faza Felisha; Mohammad Eko Prayogo; Firman Setya Wardhana; Muhammad Bayu Sasongko; Chio Oka
International Journal of Retina Vol 9 No 1 (2026): International Journal of Retina (IJRetina) - INAVRS
Publisher : Indonesian Vitreoretinal Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35479/ijretina.2026.vol009.iss001.340

Abstract

Introduction: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene polymorphisms may influence anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment response in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) by modulating inflammatory pathways. This study evaluated associations between IL-1 (ɑ&β) and anatomical outcomes following intravitreal bevacizumab. Methods: We conducted a multi-center retrospective study involving 84 eyes from 71 nAMD patients at three tertiary hospitals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Patients were categorized as responders or non-responders according to whether they achieved a >10% reduction in central macular thickness (CMT) one month post-bevacizumab injection. Peripheral blood samples were collected for DNA extraction and genotyping. Results: Responders demonstrated significantly greater CMT improvement despite having higher baseline values (389.0 µM) compared to non-responders (303.0 µM, p=0.033). At one-month follow-up, responders achieved substantially lower CMT measurements (257.0 µM, p=0.002). The IL-1ɑ risk genotype was not detected in both groups. In addition, the genotype distribution for IL-1ɑ showed no statistical significance difference across age, sex, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and CMT. Genetic analysis revealed that carriers of the IL-1β T allele showed a 39% lower probability of being non-responders (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.32-1.16). The CT and TT genotypes demonstrated even stronger trends, with 34% (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.15-2.88) and 67% (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.06-1.72) reduced probabilities of non-response, respectively. However, these associations did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a potential protective effect of the IL-1β -511C/T polymorphism against poor response to bevacizumab therapy, though statistical significance was not achieved. Further investigation with larger sample sizes is necessary to confirm the predictive value of IL-1 genetic variations for anti-VEGF treatment outcomes in nAMD patients.
Co-Authors Agit Seno Adisetiadi Aurelia Priscilla Regita Putri Chio Oka Dewi Fathin Romdhoniyyah Dewi Megarani Ar-Rosyid Dinda Ajeng Anindita Dinda Mutiara Maharani Eko Aribowo Eva Revana Firman Setya Wardhana Firman Setya Wardhana Hifdza Faza Felisha Hifdza Faza Felisha Kayla Prihatka Salsabila Khairunnissaa' Qonitatun H. Mohammad Eko Prayogo Mohammad Eko Prayogo Muhammad Bayu Sasongko Muhammad Bayu Sasongko Muhammad Robikhul Ikhsan Neilil Muna Mufidana Nurul Imawati Sekar Syahriza Septya Olivia Anggraeni Shanti Widya Supanji Supanji Supanji Supanji Syania Nursawitri Tri Winarti Ummi Noor Hasanah Vina Yanti Susanti Yola Aulia Alvionita