Gede Agung Wirawan Nusantara
Faculty of Law, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, Denpasar

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Harmonization of Universality and Cultural Relativism in International Law I Made Sudirga; I Made Kariyasa; Gede Agung Wirawan Nusantara
Contrarius Series: Law & Social Justice Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): Contrarius Series: Law & Social Justice
Publisher : Lembaga Contrarius Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53955/cslsj.v1i1.36

Abstract

International conferences on civilization and human rights (HAM) have played a strategic role in the development of modern international law, particularly in harmonizing the tension between the principle of the universality of human rights and cultural relativism. Since the 1993 Vienna Declaration, these international forums have reaffirmed the universal nature of human rights while recognizing cultural diversity as a contextual factor in their implementation. The conferences' outcomes, while often in the form of soft law, have had significant normative implications: strengthening customary international norms, providing interpretive guidance for human rights treaty bodies, expanding the agenda of new rights such as the right to development and the environment, and reconstructing the concept of state sovereignty into a responsibility to protect. On the other hand, challenges remain, including ambiguity in the formulation of declarations, gaps in implementation, and the risk of states misusing cultural relativism to justify repressive practices. Overall, however, international conferences function as normative engines that maintain the dynamics of international law, ensuring it remains responsive, inclusive, and aligned with the demands of global civilization. Thus, the conferences' normative implications not only strengthen universal standards but also enrich the diversity of sources of international law, while ensuring a balance between basic human rights principles and diverse socio-cultural.
Unprotected and Unparticipation Mental Health in Regulation Worker I Wayan Gde Wiryawan; Gede Agung Wirawan Nusantara; I Wayan Eka Artajaya; Rizozoda Tura Rabbim
BESTUUR Vol 12, No 2 (2024): Bestuur
Publisher : Administrative Law Departement Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Mare

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/bestuur.v12i2.94378

Abstract

Unprotected mental health among employees can have a detrimental effect on productivity and the national economy. Nevertheless, Indonesia's present labor regulations do not include any specific provisions to safeguard workers' mental health. This research aims to identify and analyze issues regarding mental health workers that are often ignored, which cause decreased productivity and negative stigma for people experiencing mental health to medical personnel and facilities that are less qualified in protecting workers. This normative research examines legal texts, mainly primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the research show that, first, mental health problems in Indonesia are very complex, starting from the negative stigma that is still embedded in society regarding mental health diagnoses to regulations and law enforcement that do not support workers with mental health to recover from their illnesses. Second, based on Singapore, Singapore has a program and legal framework that supports public health and workers who experience mental health disorders monitoring that has been integrated with the system. Third, to overcome mental health problems for workers, there needs to be a clear regulatory framework that targets improving mental health, an integrated health monitoring system that is expanded to provide training for medical personnel, and health care quality.