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All Journal Cognitionis Civitatis et Politicae Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law
Shamsul Anwar
Brunei Institute of Leadership and Management
Social Sciences

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THE GEOPOLITICS OF CRITICAL MINERALS: AN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PERSPECTIVE ON INDONESIA'S NICKEL DOWNSTREAM POLICY Nofirman Nofirman; Shamsul Anwar; Azimah Haji Ali; Bina Magar
Cognitionis Civitatis et Politicae Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/politicae.v2i2.2527

Abstract

The global race for critical minerals has transformed nickel into a strategic asset in contemporary geopolitics. Indonesia, possessing one of the world’s largest nickel reserves, has adopted a downstream policy to assert greater control over its mineral resources and strengthen national economic sovereignty. This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s nickel downstream policy from an international relations perspective, emphasizing its geopolitical, economic, and strategic implications. Using a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, the research draws on policy documents, trade data, and scholarly discourse to interpret Indonesia’s positioning within global power dynamics. The findings reveal that the policy reflects Indonesia’s attempt to transition from a resource supplier to a value-added industrial hub, balancing between China’s technological dominance and Western market access. Moreover, the policy redefines Indonesia’s bargaining power in international trade and its alignment in global supply chains for electric vehicles and renewable energy. The study concludes that Indonesia’s nickel strategy represents a form of resource nationalism adapted to 21st-century multipolar competition, offering insights into how developing nations can leverage critical minerals for geopolitical advantage.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY: A SOCIAL ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE ON WELFARE POLICY Muh Nur; Azimah Haji Ali; Shamsul Anwar
Cognitionis Civitatis et Politicae Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/politicae.v3i1.3376

Abstract

Social inequality and economic vulnerability remain persistent challenges in contemporary societies despite the expansion of welfare policies and social protection systems. Economic growth has not been evenly distributed, leaving significant segments of the population exposed to income insecurity, precarious employment, and limited access to welfare benefits. This study aims to analyze social inequality and economic vulnerability through a social economic perspective that examines how welfare policy design interacts with labor market structures and social institutions. The research employs a qualitative research design combining policy document analysis, secondary socio-economic data review, and interpretive analysis of welfare policy implementation. The findings reveal that existing welfare policies tend to provide short-term relief while inadequately addressing the structural drivers of vulnerability, particularly informal employment, labor market flexibilization, and institutional exclusion. Economic vulnerability is shown to extend beyond officially defined poverty, affecting near-poor and precariously employed groups who remain insufficiently protected by current welfare frameworks. The study concludes that welfare policy effectiveness depends not only on resource allocation but also on institutional alignment with contemporary economic realities. A social economic approach is essential for understanding inequality as a dynamic and structural phenomenon, and for informing welfare reforms aimed at enhancing inclusivity, resilience, and long-term social protection.
Understanding the Judge's Decisions which Are Best for Children to Realize Justice for all Post Diversion Failure Adam Idris; Shamsul Anwar
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v4i3.1552

Abstract

Background. The juvenile justice system prioritizes restorative justice through diversion to protect the rights and future development of children in conflict with the law. Nevertheless, diversion does not always achieve an agreement, creating legal challenges for judges in balancing the interests of child offenders, victims, and society while ensuring that judicial decisions remain consistent with the principle of justice for all. Purpose. This study aims to analyze judicial decisions rendered after the failure of diversion and to examine how judges uphold the best interests of the child within the broader framework of justice for all. Method. This research employs a normative legal research design focusing on judicial decisions as the primary object of analysis. The study relies exclusively on secondary data obtained through an extensive review of legal literature, including statutory regulations, judicial decisions, legal doctrines, and scholarly publications. Results. The findings reveal that the failure of diversion does not eliminate the obligation of judges to prioritize the best interests of the child. Judicial decisions are formulated by considering recommendations from the Correctional Center (BAPAS), legal advisors, and community perspectives, while also taking into account the interests of victims and the wider public. Conclusion. Judicial decisions following unsuccessful diversion continue to uphold the principle of the best interests of the child within the framework of justice for all. Such decisions demonstrate that juvenile sentencing should integrate rehabilitation, victim protection, and societal interests to achieve equitable and sustainable justice.
The Ethical Underpinnings of AI Regulation: A Jurisprudential Inquiry into Algorithmic Fairness and Transparency Nurul Huda; Shamsul Anwar; Sonam Lhamo; Unggul Sagena
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 3 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v3i6.3015

Abstract

Background. Concerns regarding algorithmic bias and opacity have prompted regulatory responses that invoke ethical principles, particularly fairness and transparency, yet their jurisprudential foundations remain insufficiently explored. Purpose. This study aims to examine the ethical underpinnings of AI regulation through a jurisprudential inquiry into algorithmic fairness and transparency, focusing on how legal philosophy informs the normative structure of contemporary AI governance. Method. The research employs qualitative normative legal methodology grounded in jurisprudential analysis. Primary materials include AI regulatory frameworks, ethical guidelines, and judicial reasoning. Results. The findings show that AI regulation predominantly operationalizes fairness and transparency as procedural legal duties rather than substantive moral ideals. Ethical principles are translated into enforceable standards such as explainability, accountability, and non-discrimination, reflecting institutional and jurisprudential constraints. Conclusion. The study concludes that AI regulation represents a juridification of ethics shaped by enduring jurisprudential traditions. The novelty of this research lies in its integration of AI regulatory analysis with legal philosophy.
Co-Authors Adam Idris Azimah Haji Ali Azimah Haji Ali Bina Magar Muh. Nur Nofirman, Nofirman Nurul Huda Sonam Lhamo Unggul Sagena