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All Journal KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia
Ruslan
Chemistry Department, Tadulako University
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

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Characterization and Biodegradation Test of Palm Kernel Meal Galactomanan-Based Bioplastics with Succinic Acid-Polyvinyl Alcohol Cross-Linking Agent Novelista Djaleha; Erwin Abdul Rahim; Nurhaeni; Ruslan; Ni Ketut Sumarni; Prismawiryanti
KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): April Edition
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, Tadulako University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2026.v12.i1.18014

Abstract

Environmental pollution caused by non-biodegradable plastic waste has become a major global concern, prompting the development of eco-friendly alternative materials. Bioplastics derived from natural polymers are considered a promising solution due to their biodegradability and renewability. A study has been conducted on the manufacture of bioplastics from palm kernel meal galactomannan, with the addition of succinic acid and PVA, as an effort to reduce pollution caused by plastic waste. This study aims to determine the characteristics of bioplastics, including tensile strength, elongation, Young's modulus, chemical structure, and biodegradation. Bioplastics were obtained by mixing galactomannan, PVA, and variations of succinic acid (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g). The results showed a tensile strength of 3.61–8.76 MPa, elongation of 260.83–432.92%, and Young's modulus of 1.21–2.49 MPa. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of ester bonds, indicating cross-linking, while the biodegradation test showed that all samples were completely degraded within 1 day. The 0.10 g variation produced the best tensile strength, while the control had the most stable surface. This galactomannan-based bioplastic has the potential to be an alternative to conventional plastic due to its good mechanical properties and very rapid degradation.
Formulation of Encapsulated Extracts from Local Palu Red Onion Bulbs (Allium cepa var. aggregatum L.) Using Carrageenan Coating: Characterization, Stability, and Antioxidant Activity Nurhaeni; Aulia Pariusi Pariusi; Aini Auliana Amar; Ruslan; Abdul Rahman Razak; Indriani
KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): August Edition
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, Tadulako University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2026.v12.i2.18156

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the optimal concentration of carrageenan as a coating matrix for extracts of local Palu red onion bulbs (Allium cepa var. aggregatum L.) using the ion gelation method to characterise their properties, stability and antioxidant activity. The technique of converting liquid samples into small particles is known as microencapsulation. Carrageenan was formulated at varying concentrations (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%) with the addition of 0.1% Na-TPP. Testing of antioxidant activity at a concentration of 0.3% yielded the highest antioxidant activity of 87.59%. The ANOVA test results showed that the matrix concentration had a significant effect (<0.05) on antioxidant activity. A total phenolic content of 49.61 mg GAE/g was observed in the 0.3% carrageenan sample. Carrageenan was stable at temperatures of 25°C and 40°C. FTIR characterisation of the encapsulation process indicated the presence of spectra showing interactions between the coating matrix and the extract, revealing changes in functional groups. PSA analysis indicated a particle size of 2100 µm.
Co-Authors Abdul Rahman Razak Aini Auliana Amar Aulia Pariusi Pariusi Erwin Abdul Rahim Indriani Ni Ketut Sumarni Novelista Djaleha Nurhaeni Nurhaeni Prismawiryanti