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Mediating Role of Motivation on the Relationship between Competency Gap and Training Experience on Employee Performance: A Literature Review Muhammad Zeinny Hasbunallah Sasmita; Aep Syaefullah; Tiara Mustika Ayu; Zia Majiatul Arobiah; Aulia Nur’aini; Elty Sukaesih; Euis Huzaziah; Andre Genta Sanjaya
Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary on Social and Technology Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026): Juli - Oktober
Publisher : PT Ilmu Data Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69693/ijmst.v4i3.12318

Abstract

This study examines the influence of competency gaps and training experience on employee performance, with work motivation serving as a mediating variable. Employing a literature review method, the research draws upon secondary sources including peer-reviewed journals, academic textbooks, and relevant regulatory frameworks. The analytical framework incorporates multiple statistical approaches: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess causal relationships and mediation effects, Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) processed through SPSS software, linear regression to determine direct effects, and Path Analysis to differentiate impacts across specific categories. The findings reveal that competency gaps impede performance optimization; however, this hindrance can be mitigated through needs-based training interventions and enhanced work motivation. The study recommends strengthening demand-driven training systems, conducting periodic competency evaluations, and formulating policies that foster work motivation to optimize employee performance. The theoretical contribution of this research enriches the discourse on civil servant competency development and advocates for an integrated approach to training and motivation policies.
Development and Validation of a Belonging-Supportive Deep Learning Environment Instrument for Evaluating Flipped Learning Environments in Higher Education Oktavia Oktavia; Aprianif Aprianif; Hartin Kurniawati; Muh. Syafiq Marzuqi; Tatianningsih Tatianningsih; Zia Majiatul Arobiah
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1406

Abstract

Supportive learning environments are central to student engagement, psychological well-being, and academic success in higher education. In flipped learning, however, pedagogical effectiveness depends not only on pre-class exposure and in-class active learning but also on whether students perceive the learning environment as socially inclusive, academically supportive, and conducive to deep learning. This study developed and validated the Belonging-Supportive Deep Learning Environment (BSDLE) instrument as an indicator of learning-environment effectiveness in higher education. The study used an instrument-development design with a quantitative validation phase involving 1,161 students from five Indonesian higher education institutions that had implemented flipped learning. Instrument development involved literature review, construct mapping, item generation, expert judgment, and psychometric evaluation. Data were analyzed using a multidimensional Rasch framework. Model comparison showed that the Partial Credit Model (PCM) provided a better fit than the Rating Scale Model (RSM), as indicated by lower final deviance, Akaike Information Criterion, and Bayesian Information Criterion values. Item difficulty ranged from -0.79 to 0.72 logits, and all item fit indices were within the acceptable mean-square range of 0.5 to 1.5. Five BSDLE dimensions demonstrated high EAP/PV reliability (> .90), whereas the faculty-relations dimension showed lower reliability (.695), indicating the need for further refinement. Rating-scale diagnostics suggested that a four-category response format was generally more stable than a five-category format, although several items required revision because of non-monotonic category functioning. Overall, the BSDLE instrument provides promising validity evidence for evaluating belonging-supportive and deep-learning-oriented environments in flipped higher education, while further testing across broader institutional contexts is recommended.