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All Journal Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
SUNARTO SUNARTO
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology

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The infection of ectoparasitic protozoa on farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at three reservoirs in Central Java, Indonesia Waleed Kolia; SUNARTO SUNARTO; TETRI WIDIYANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 22 No. 4 (2021)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220445

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Abstract. Kolia WSK, Sunarto, Widiyani T. 2021. The infection of ectoparasitic protozoa on farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at three reservoirs in Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1975-1980. There is an expansion of fish culture in Indonesia, but there is a dearth of information on the parasitic infecting cultured fish. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of ectoparasitic protozoans on farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at three reservoirs (i.e., Cengklik, Mulur, and Gajah Mungkur) in Central Java, Indonesia, and to determine the prevalence, mean abundance, and mean intensity of such parasites. A total of 189 samples were collected from different cages. The sex of the fishes was determined and their lengths and weights were measured. The gills, fins, and skin were examined for ectoparasitic protozoa using a light microscope. Among the examined fishes, 146 samples were infected at the rate of 77.2 %. Mulur reservoir had the highest prevalence rate with 90.4%, followed by Cengklik and Gajah Mungkur with 82.5 % and, 58.7%, respectively. We found female fishes were more susceptible to the infection than males. Seven parasite species were identified, namely: Tetrahymena corlissi, Apiosoma spp., Trichodina spp., Cryptobia spp., Chilodonella spp., Ambiphrya spp., and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The protozoan parasite Trichodina spp. recorded the highest prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance among all the other protozoan species at the three reservoirs. The results provided a significant difference at (p<0.01) in the total number of parasites among the reservoirs. Despite the parasite infection, the physical and chemical parameters of the water of the three reservoirs were within the recommended range for the culture of Nile tilapia under the cage systems.
Dietary diversity of the vulnerable leaf-eating monkey Presbytis fredericae in the degraded forest of Mount Merbabu, Indonesia PUGUH KARYANTO; DHINDA TAZKIA; IKE NURJUITA NAYASILANA; ARI SUSILOWATI; SUNARTO SUNARTO; JAROT WAHYUDI; SRI SUTJI UTAMI ATMOKO; SHUKOR MD NOR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 5 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260546

Abstract

Abstract. Karyanto P, Tazkia D, Nayasilana IN, Susilowati A, Sunarto, Wahyudi J, Atmoko SSU, Nor SM. 2025. Dietary diversity of the vulnerable leaf-eating monkey Presbytis fredericae in the degraded forest of Mount Merbabu, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 2508-2518. Extensive forest degradation and fragmentation on Java Island, Indonesia, have resulted in significant habitat loss and a sharp decline in tree diversity. The remnant forests, characterized by declining plant diversity and composition, could have a major impact on the diversity and food preferences of a vulnerable leaf-eating monkey (Presbytis fredericae). In response to changes in a new floristic structure, P. fredericae may develop new foraging adaptations, allowing them to diversify their diet by consuming a variety of plant species. However, such behavior may not be performed, as the monkey's food choices are evidence of an evolutionary strategy to maximize nutrient and energy intake for survival. Therefore, dietary diversity can serve as a good proxy to examine the extent to which folivore monkeys' foraging behavior adapts to food resource change. This study investigated the food diversity of plants selected by P. fredericae in a degraded montane forest on Mount Merbabu, Indonesia. We employed a molecular-based Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technique to analyze 13 fecal samples. Our downstream analysis in RStudio identified 132 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). By organizing the OTUs by their abundance in Microsoft Excel and comparing our results to an existing floristic database from previous vegetation surveys, we identified eight orders, nine families, and nine species in the tree stratum, and 11 orders, 12 families, and 14 species in the forest floor community. These findings indicate that P. fredericae selectively consumed only 34% of the total tree species and 14% of the available forest floor plant species. This food selection suggests that P. fredericae exhibits selective feeding and optimal foraging behavior, primarily by consuming immature foliage from a wide range of plant taxa. This behavior helps them meet their nutritional needs while minimizing the risk of toxin accumulation.
Novel primers of Cyt b sequencing for a non-invasive genetic assessment of the Silvery Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) ADIFA RISA BAGASTA; SUNARTO SUNARTO; ARI SUSILOWATI; SURATMAN SURATMAN; DWI SENDI PRIYONO; MOHAMMAD SAIFUL MANSOR; PUGUH KARYANTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270101

Abstract

Abstract. Bagasta AR, Sunarto, Susilowati A, Suratman, Mansor MS, Priyono DS, Karyanto P. 2026. Novel primers of Cyt b sequencing for a non-invasive genetic assessment of the Silvery Gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270101. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270101. Reliable primers for genetic variation assessment of the silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch) are still unavailable. This study aims to design novel primers for the silvery gibbon's complete Cytochrome b (Cyt b) to facilitate a non-invasive genetic variation assessment. Three primer pairs targeting different regions of Cyt b were designed using Primer3Plus and validated through in-silico validation by adjusting a melting temperature (Tm) between 57-63°C and a GC content of 45-65%, and in vivo validation using Sanger sequencing. The primers were optimized for annealing temperature. The optimum annealing temperatures used in this research were 55°C for T1 and T3, and 52°C for T2, and were tested against DNA from ten gibbons' feces collected from the northwestern part of the Dieng Plateau. The gel electrophoresis results showed the amplification success, indicated by the DNA band visualization above 900 bp. Our primers successfully amplified the target, producing 625-1068 bp. De novo assembly on the obtained sequences yielded a range of fragment lengths of 1857-1950 bp and successfully assembled the complete Cyt b gene of 1140 bp. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were readily detected at sites 67, 222, 234, 271, 286, 364, 372, 378, 501, 563, 918, and 991 (12 sites) along the Cyt b gene of the ten samples of silvery gibbons. We also successfully observed five haplotypes amongst the entire sample. This success indicates that our primers effectively sequence the Cyt b gene of the silvery. Our primers perform a highly resolution ability to assess variation amongst populations, making them a valuable tool for non-invasive population genetic assessment supporting the silvery gibbon's conservation program.
Co-Authors ADIFA RISA BAGASTA ARI SUSILOWATI ARI SUSILOWATI DHINDA TAZKIA DWI SENDI PRIYONO IKE NURJUITA NAYASILANA JAROT WAHYUDI MOHAMMAD SAIFUL MANSOR PUGUH KARYANTO PUGUH KARYANTO SHUKOR MD NOR SRI SUTJI UTAMI ATMOKO SURATMAN SURATMAN TETRI WIDIYANI Waleed Kolia