<![CDATA[Public policy development in Indonesia and Malaysia reflects a dynamic process shaped by changes in political systems, institutional arrangements, development orientations, leadership, and societal demands. This study aims to comparatively analyze public policy development in Indonesia and Malaysia by examining their political systems, policy formulation and implementation processes, development planning traditions, and contemporary policy challenges. The study employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-comparative method, drawing on a historical examination of public policy development in both countries and an analysis of relevant literature and official planning documents. The findings indicate that Indonesia has undergone a transformation from a centralized policy model toward a more democratic, participatory, and decentralized system, although challenges remain in policy fragmentation, central–local coordination, and disparities in institutional capacity. Malaysia, meanwhile, demonstrates greater continuity in development planning and relatively strong federal coordination, while facing challenges related to governance reform, the effectiveness of redistributive policies, and political dynamics. Both countries also face common challenges, including digital transformation, climate change, social inequality, social protection, and the need to improve public service delivery. The study highlights the importance of evidence-based policymaking, institutional capacity building, public participation, intergovernmental coordination, integrity, and policy evaluation to promote effective, equitable, inclusive, and sustainable public policies.]]>
