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All Journal CITAKARYA Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat CITACONOMIA : Economic and Business Studies
Afid Setiabudi
Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Indonesia
Humanities Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Social Sciences

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Migrant Entrepreneurial Capital (MEC) Model: Integrating Human, Social, and Psychological Capital for Sustainable Economic Empowerment of Return Migrants in Indonesia Akhmad Darmawan; Fatmah Bagis; Afid Setiabudi
CITACONOMIA : Economic and Business Studies Vol. 5 No. 04 (2026): October - December
Publisher : CITACONOMIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63922/citaconomia.v5i04.6865

Abstract

Return migrants accumulate skills, networks, and resilience abroad, yet many fail to achieve sustainable economic reintegration because support systems address these resources in isolation. This study proposes and tests the Migrant Entrepreneurial Capital (MEC) model, which integrates human capital, social capital, and psychological capital as a configurational basis for return migrant entrepreneurship. A convergent mixed-methods design was applied in Kebumen Regency, Central Java, through a partnership between the Migrant Resources Center of Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto and PT Bryna Sukses Abadi, a labour placement company. Data were collected through a structured MEC Assessment Questionnaire, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and field observation. Hypotheses were tested with correlation analysis, independent-sample tests, discrimination analysis, and an exact test of capital configuration. The three capital dimensions are positively interrelated. Return migrants who run a business hold significantly higher human, social, and psychological capital than those who do not. The integrated MEC score discriminates business ownership better than any single dimension, and returnees who are strong in all three dimensions are far more likely to run a business. Qualitative evidence reveals strong bonding networks but weak bridging and linking capital, unrecognised skills, and psychological disorientation after return. The study offers an empirically grounded, configurational model of migrant entrepreneurial capital and translates it into design principles for integrated reintegration programmes for migrant protection agencies, universities, and placement companies.
Matching Migration Skills with Local Opportunity: Region, Gender, and Migration Experience in the Entrepreneurial Interests of Indonesian Return Migrants Akhmad Darmawan; Fatmah Bagis; Afid Setiabudi
CITACONOMIA : Economic and Business Studies Vol. 5 No. 04 (2026): October - December
Publisher : CITACONOMIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63922/citaconomia.v5i04.6866

Abstract

Return migrants accumulate skills, networks, and resilience abroad, yet many fail to achieve sustainable economic reintegration because support systems address these resources in isolation. This study proposes and tests the Migrant Entrepreneurial Capital (MEC) model, which integrates human capital, social capital, and psychological capital as a configurational basis for return migrant entrepreneurship. A convergent mixed-methods design was applied in Kebumen Regency, Central Java, through a partnership between the Migrant Resources Center of Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto and PT Bryna Sukses Abadi, a labour placement company. Data were collected through a structured MEC Assessment Questionnaire, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and field observation. Hypotheses were tested with correlation analysis, independent-sample tests, discrimination analysis, and an exact test of capital configuration. The three capital dimensions are positively interrelated. Return migrants who run a business hold significantly higher human, social, and psychological capital than those who do not. The integrated MEC score discriminates business ownership better than any single dimension, and returnees who are strong in all three dimensions are far more likely to run a business. Qualitative evidence reveals strong bonding networks but weak bridging and linking capital, unrecognised skills, and psychological disorientation after return. The study offers an empirically grounded, configurational model of migrant entrepreneurial capital and translates it into design principles for integrated reintegration programmes for migrant protection agencies, universities, and placement companies.
From Remittances to Enterprise: The Effect of Needs-Based Financial Literacy Training on Financial Behaviour and Business Initiation among Indonesian Return Migrants Akhmad Darmawan; Fatmah Bagis; Afid Setiabudi
CITAKARYA Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol. 4 No. 03 (2026): August - October
Publisher : CITAKARYA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63922/citakarya.v4i03.6858

Abstract

Return migrants frequently come home with savings, discipline, and global work experience, yet many fail to convert remittances into sustainable enterprises. This study examines whether a needs-based financial literacy programme improves financial knowledge, financial behaviour, business planning, and business initiation among Indonesian return migrants. The study employed a one-group pretest–posttest pre-experimental design embedded in a community engagement programme delivered by the Migrant Resource Center of Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto in partnership with PT Emma Media Nusantara in Banyumas, Gombong, and Kebumen, Central Java. Training content was designed from a profiling survey and participatory focus group discussions. Hypotheses were tested with paired-sample tests, normalised gain analysis, and one-sided binomial tests. The training significantly improved financial literacy across all domains, and most participants subsequently separated business and household finances, kept routine financial records, planned remittance use, and produced business plans. However, the training did not lead most mentored participants to start or expand a business, and access to capital emerged as the decisive constraint. The study extends human capital theory by locating the point at which investment in financial knowledge ceases to translate into economic output without complementary financial capital. It also offers a replicable university–industry delivery model for post-migration reintegration.
Anxious at the Digital Threshold: Artificial Intelligence Anxiety, Digital Literacy, and Entrepreneurial Intention among Indonesian Return Migrant Workers Akhmad Darmawan; Fatmah Bagis; Afid Setiabudi
CITAKARYA Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol. 4 No. 03 (2026): August - October
Publisher : CITAKARYA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63922/citakarya.v4i03.6859

Abstract

Digitalisation and artificial intelligence are reshaping the economies to which migrant workers return, yet little is known about how returnees perceive and prepare for these changes. This study analyses the entrepreneurial intention, digital literacy, and readiness for artificial intelligence of Indonesian return migrant workers and tests the relationship between artificial intelligence anxiety and entrepreneurial intention. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among return migrant workers in Kebumen Regency, Central Java, as an output of the partnership between the Migrant Resources Center of Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto and PT Bryna Sukses Abadi, a labour placement company. Data were analysed with one-sample t-tests, Pearson correlation, and descriptive analysis of business-relevant digital tasks. Return migrants hold an entrepreneurial intention above the neutral point, while their digital literacy lies below it. Their self-reported readiness for artificial intelligence is not significantly below neutral, although their actual ability to use artificial intelligence tools is very limited. Digital capability declines steeply from basic smartphone use towards online selling and artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence anxiety is negatively and significantly related to entrepreneurial intention. The study introduces artificial intelligence anxiety into research on return migration and extends social cognitive theory by positioning technology anxiety as an emotional barrier to entrepreneurial intention among migrant workers. It argues for reintegration and pre-departure programmes that combine practical digital training with confidence building.
Co-Authors Akhmad Darmawan Fatmah Bagis