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All Journal International Journal of Clinical Inventions and Medical Sciences (IJCIMS)
Mei Arnefia
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Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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Spectral Subtraction Denoising (SSD) Improves Factor-3 GRAPPA 3T Lumbar MRI for Disc Herniation Ildsa Maulidya Mar’athus Nasokha; Retno Wati; Mei Arnefia
International Journal of Clinical Inventions and Medical Sciences (IJCIMS) Vol 8 No 2: September 2026
Publisher : Lamintang Education and Training Centre, in collaboration with the International Association of Educators, Scientists, Technologists, and Engineers (IA-ESTE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36079/lamintang.ijcims-0802.1047

Abstract

Parallel imaging shortens lumbar MRI examinations but factor-3 GRAPPA produces spatially varying noise that can obscure clinically important structures. Evidence for a simple, reproducible spectral subtraction denoising approach in clinically acquired 3T lumbar examinations remains limited. This paired pretest-posttest study evaluated MATLAB-based spectral subtraction denoising (SSD) in 16 patients with clinically diagnosed lumbar disc herniation. Sagittal T2-weighted TSE-GRAPPA images acquired at acceleration factor 3 were processed by estimating the background-noise spectrum, directly subtracting it from the image spectrum, retaining the original phase, and applying an inverse Fourier transform. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was measured in five anatomical regions, and two radiologists with more than five years of experience independently performed blinded five-point visual grading. Paired differences were assessed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test; acceleration-factor comparisons used the Friedman test, and interobserver agreement used Cohen’s kappa. SSD increased SNR in every evaluated structure, with the largest absolute gains in the vertebral body (+1.81) and degenerated nucleus pulposus (+0.41). Overall visual information improved (p < 0.001); four of five structures improved significantly, whereas the vertebral body showed a ceiling effect (p = 0.236). Interobserver agreement increased from κ = 0.60 to κ = 0.72. The findings support SSD as a low-complexity post-processing option for preserving diagnostic visibility in accelerated lumbar MRI. Larger multicenter studies should compare SSD with modern learning-based denoisers and evaluate diagnostic accuracy.
Co-Authors Ildsa Maulidya Mar’athus Nasokha Retno Wati