<![CDATA[Growing identity polarization, religious exclusivism, and various forms of intolerance indicate that Islamic education requires a paradigm capable of addressing the complex challenges of multicultural societies in the twenty-first century. Current approaches to Islamic education have largely emphasized tolerance and the strengthening of religious identity, while their role in promoting social transformation remains limited. This study aims to reconstruct the paradigm of Islamic education in multicultural societies by shifting its orientation from tolerance-based education toward transformative education. The study employed a qualitative approach through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of academic books, national and international journal articles, and relevant studies on Islamic education, multicultural education, critical pedagogy, conflict resolution, and social transformation. The literature was analyzed using thematic analysis and content analysis to trace paradigm development, identify conceptual gaps, compare patterns across studies, and formulate a new conceptual synthesis. The findings reveal three main patterns. First, Islamic education has moved from an exclusive orientation toward a more inclusive approach through the promotion of tolerance, religious moderation, and respect for diversity. Second, educational success is still largely measured through changes in individual attitudes rather than learners’ capacity to address social problems. Third, dialogue, critical reflection, social collaboration, and conflict resolution have been introduced in various studies, but their implementation remains fragmented and has not yet transformed the broader educational system. These findings demonstrate a gap between normative Islamic values and their translation into critical awareness and social action. In response, this study proposes the Transformative Islamic Multicultural Education (TIME) paradigm, which integrates universal Islamic values, multicultural consciousness, dialogical competence, social collaboration, and social transformation. TIME positions tolerance as the starting point rather than the ultimate goal of Islamic education, enabling learners to develop social piety, strengthen social cohesion, and actively contribute to an inclusive, democratic, and just multicultural society.]]>
