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All Journal Psychosocia : Journal of Applied Psychology and Social Psychology
Ponmalar N Alagappar
University of Malaya
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Social Sciences

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Habit Strength and Self-Control in Predicting Procrastination in Independent Learning at Universitas Negeri Semarang Almighty C. Tabuena; Ponmalar N Alagappar; Rr. Hawik Ervina Indiworo; Nur Irmayanti
Psychosocia : Journal of Applied Psychology and Social Psychology Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : PT Penerbit Ilmiah Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61978/psychosocia.v4i3.1980

Abstract

Independent learning requires university students to initiate and sustain academic work without continuous external supervision, yet procrastination remains a common behavioral barrier. Procrastination has often been explained through motivational, personality, and conscious self-regulatory perspectives, whereas the combined contribution of habitual behavioral regulation and deliberate self-control has received less attention, and it is unclear whether self-control explains additional variance once established study habits are considered. This study examined whether study habit strength and self-control predict procrastination during independent learning and whether self-control provides incremental explanatory power. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to March 2026 among 240 undergraduate students recruited through purposive sampling across seven faculties at Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia. Hierarchical multiple regression entered age, sex, semester, and daily independent study duration first, followed by study habit strength and then self-control. Both study habit strength (r = −.49) and self-control (r = −.59) correlated negatively with procrastination. Habit strength increased explained variance by 24.0% (ΔR2 = .240), and self-control added a further 18.2% (ΔR2 = .182), so that the final model explained 43.3% of the variance; both remained unique negative predictors (β = −.31 and β = −.46, respectively), whereas the control variables were not significant. These findings distinguish automatic regulation through habit from deliberate regulation through self-control and indicate that the two operate in a complementary way. Programs aimed at reducing procrastination should therefore combine habit formation with support for self-control, although the cross-sectional design precludes causal conclusions.
FoMO, Social Media Fatigue, and Psychological Well-Being among Gen Z Adults in Makassar, Indonesia Ponmalar N Alagappar; Efriyani Sumastuti; Nur Irmayanti
Psychosocia : Journal of Applied Psychology and Social Psychology Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : PT Penerbit Ilmiah Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61978/psychosocia.v4i3.1982

Abstract

Generation Z has grown up with ubiquitous social media, yet constant connectivity may carry psychological costs. Fear of missing out (FoMO) has been linked to poorer well-being, but the mechanisms that explain this association remain insufficiently tested, particularly for eudaimonic well-being among young adults in Indonesia. This study examined whether social media fatigue (SMF) explains the association between FoMO and psychological well-being (PWB) among Generation Z adults. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between September 2025 and January 2026 with 250 Generation Z adults aged 18–28 years in Makassar City, recruited through purposive sampling. FoMO, SMF, and PWB were measured with self-report scales, and mediation was tested using PROCESS Model 4 with 5,000 bootstrap resamples. FoMO was positively associated with SMF (B = 0.57, p < .001) and negatively associated with PWB (total effect B = −0.39, p < .001). SMF was negatively associated with PWB (B = −0.57, p < .001). The indirect effect of FoMO on PWB through SMF was significant (B = −0.33, 95% CI [−0.42, −0.24]), whereas the direct effect was not (B = −0.06, 95% CI [−0.19, 0.07]), a pattern consistent with full statistical mediation. The findings identify fatigue as a psychological pathway through which FoMO is related to lower well-being, and suggest that digital well-being efforts should address FoMO and fatigue-producing patterns of use rather than screen time alone. Causal interpretation is limited by the cross-sectional design.
Co-Authors Almighty C. Tabuena Efriyani Sumastuti Rr Hawik Ervina Indiworo