<![CDATA[Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) remains a persistent public health challenge in Indonesia, particularly among children under five and breastfeeding mothers. This study aimed to analyze the distribution of vitamin A interventions and assess the potential of biscuit fortification as a complementary strategy. This study employs a literature review using the Health Policy Triangle (HPT) framework, examining policy context, content, key actors, and implementation processes related to vitamin A interventions. The analysis was conducted using secondary data from government reports, international agencies, and peer-reviewed literature published between 2018 and 2025, with comparative evidence from Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Ghana. The findings show that while national vitamin A supplementation coverage reached 92% in 2023, substantial inter-provincial inequalities persist, with provinces in eastern Indonesia recording the lowest coverage. Cooking oil fortification is consumed by only 56% of households, as low-income groups rely on unfortified bulk oil. Biscuit fortification under the Supplementary Feeding Program has benefited malnourished children and at-risk pregnant women but remains limited in scope and raises concerns regarding ultra-processed food consumption. Evidence from other countries highlights that combined interventions—supplementation, oil fortification, and fortified biscuits—are more effective than single approaches. This study concludes that an integrated, context-specific strategy supported by cross-sector collaboration and quality assurance offers the most sustainable pathway to reduce VAD and strengthen Indonesia’s nutrition system. Biscuit fortification can serve as a complementary and potentially sustainable strategy within future nutrition policies.]]>
