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All Journal Heart Science Journal CRJIM (Clinical and Research Journal in Internal Medicine)
Tri Tjahjono, Cholid
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Education Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Other

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Best Recommended Exercise for patients with Hypertension Tri Tjahjono, Cholid; Lestari, Defyna; Arthamin, Maimun
Clinical and Research Journal in Internal Medicine Vol. 4 No. 2 (2023): Volume 4 No 2, November 2023
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.crjim.2023.004.02.07

Abstract

Hypertension is known as a fatal yet preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is responsible for majority of cardiovascular mortality. Hypertension is closely associated with sedentary lifestyle. Physical activity and/or exercise are shown to retard development of hypertension. Exercise, combined with other measures of lifestyle behaviour and pharmacologic treatments, is recommended as an effective lifestyle behaviour for adults to prevent and treat hypertension. The current exercise prescription for the treatment of hypertension is: cardiovascular mode, for 20-60 minutes, 3-5 days per week, at 40-70% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2(max)).. Both aerobic and resistance exercise, should be performed simultaneously by hypertensive patients. Aerobic activity could include walking, jogging, cycling, rowing swimming. While dynamic resistance training could include free weights, resistance machines, and resistance bands. Functional exercises should be comprised of step-ups, bodyweight exercises, and balance training. After an exercise session, BP decreases, and this decline continues for up to 24 h; which is called post-exercise hypotension. Overall 5 mmHg decrease in BP with regular exercise may be encouraged. With a decrease of 5 mmHg in systolic BP, mortality due to coronary artery disease decreases by 9%, mortality due to cerebrovascular accident decreases by 14% and all-cause mortality decreases by 7%. Regular exercise should therefore be recommended for all individuals including normotensives, pre-hypertensives, and hypertensives.
Sedentary Lifestyle as a Leading cause of Some Diseases and Disability Tri Tjahjono, Cholid; Arthamin, Maimun
Clinical and Research Journal in Internal Medicine Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024): Volume 5 No 1, May 2024
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.crjim.2024.005.01.09

Abstract

The prevalence of inactive lifestyles has increased, leading to detrimental effects on health. Sedentary behavior refers to any action that involves extended periods of sitting, reclining, or lying down and requires minimal energy expenditure. Insufficient physical activity is prevalent among one-third of the global population aged 15 years and older, leading to adverse health effects. Nevertheless, there is a lack of awareness regarding the health hazards associated with sedentary behaviors. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyles is expanding globally due to limited opportunities for physical activity, the rise in sedentary work environments including office jobs, and the growing prevalence of television and video devices. As a result, the related health issues are increasing. Sedentary behaviors have a broad range of negative effects on the human body, including an increased risk of death from any cause, death from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. They also increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders like arthralgia and osteoporosis, as well as depression and cognitive impairment. Therefore, minimizing sedentary behaviors and boosting physical exercise are both vital to promote public health.
Dietary Intervention in Hypertension: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Future Directions Tri Tjahjono, Cholid; Arthamin, Maimun; Prakosa, Ardani; Insanitaqwa, Aleyda
Clinical and Research Journal in Internal Medicine Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Volume 6 No 2, November 2025
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.crjim.2025.006.02.12

Abstract

Hypertension significantly contributes to global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with diet being a key modifiable factor in its management. Evidence supports the effectiveness of dietary approaches including the Mediterranean, low-sodium, DASH, and plant-based diets in lowering blood pressure and enhancing cardiovascular health. These benefits are mediated by mechanisms including improved electrolyte balance, minimized oxidative stress, enhanced nitric oxide bioavailability, and favorable modulation of neurohormonal pathways. Despite strong evidence, long-term adherence is hindered by cultural food preferences, limited access to healthy options, and socioeconomic disparities. Emerging approaches, including personalized nutrition, digital health tools, and culturally adapted meal planning, show promise in overcoming these barriers. Additionally, recent insights into nutrient bioavailability, gut microbiota interactions, and gene-diet relationships are reshaping the future of dietary intervention strategies. To maximize impact, healthcare providers must take an active role in delivering tailored dietary guidance as part of routine hypertension care. Multidisciplinary collaboration and community engagement are critical for translating evidence into sustainable practice. Overall, emphasizing diet as a therapeutic tool offers an opportunity to shift the paradigm of hypertension management toward prevention, personalization, and long-term cardiovascular health.
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure and chronic coronary syndromes: From mechanistic diagnosis to CPET-guided management and prognosis in cardiac rehabilitation rakhmadhani, irzal; Mayangsari, Veny; Tri Tjahjono, Cholid
Heart Science Journal Vol. 7 No. 3 (2026): Predicting Restenosis in Coronary Artery Disease
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.hsj.2026.007.03.4

Abstract

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides an integrated physiological assessment to explain exercise intolerance at the individual-patient level. By integrating breath-by-breath gas exchange with ECG, blood pressure, and symptom monitoring during graded exertion, CPET helps differentiate impaired oxygen delivery (e.g., limited stroke volume augmentation, chronotropic limitation, or ischemia-limited reserve) from ventilatory inefficiency, pulmonary constraint, peripheral deconditioning, or mixed phenotypes—mechanistic information that is directly actionable in heart failure (HF) and chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). In HF, key CPET variables such as peak oxygen uptake (peak VO₂) and ventilatory efficiency consistently reflect clinical severity and are associated with outcomes, supporting decisions from optimization of guideline-directed medical therapy to advanced care planning in selected patients. In CCS, CPET is particularly useful when symptoms are disproportionate to resting findings, when conventional testing is inconclusive, or when microvascular dysfunction or vasospastic angina is suspected; CPET patterns can help refine the dominant mechanism and individualize cardiac rehabilitation intensity and symptom-limited training thresholds. This review proposes a pragmatic workflow aligned with routine practice: (1) mechanism-based interpretation using a compact CPET panel, (2) translation into management and rehabilitation prescriptions, and (3) prognosis and follow-up supported by serial reassessment. Tables 1–2 translate CPET outputs into practical interpretation and exercise-prescription steps, and Figures 1–2 provide worked visual examples of the trajectories discussed in the text. 
Co-Authors Arthamin, Maimun Insanitaqwa, Aleyda Lestari, Defyna Mayangsari, Veny Prakosa, Ardani Rakhmadhani, Irzal