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All Journal Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan Wacana: Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia MANUSKRIPTA
Gunawan, Aditia
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Religion Arts Humanities Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Library & Information Science Social Sciences

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The particle <i>ma</i> in Old Sundanese Gunawan, Aditia; Fauziyah, Evi Fuji
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 22, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This article will analyse the distribution of the particle ma in Old Sundanese texts. Based on an examination of fifteen Old Sundanese texts (two inscriptions, eight prose texts, and five poems), we have identified 730 occurrences of ma. We have selected several examples which represent the range of its grammatical functions in sentences. Our observations are as follows: (1) ma not only appears in direct dialogues, but also in narrative texts, both prose and verse; (2) ma functions as a copula in nominal sentences, connecting subject and predicate; (3) in conditional clauses containing the conjunction lamun, ma has a function similar to that of mah in Modern Sundanese but, in the absence of lamun and if the supplementary clauses only consist of verb phrases, ma itself is also capable of expressing conditionality; (4) if this particle is preceded by negations such as hamo ‘not’ or hantə ‘there is not’ in conditional clauses, ma is placed directly after these negations and does not mark the predicate, but serves instead to stress the negation itself; (5) in the cases described in points 1-4, ma can be considered a topic marker, and in some phrases we have even found the dislocations that are characteristic of topic markers; and (6) ma can appear in imperative sentences, placed immediately after verbs to emphasize commands, which does not apply to mah in Modern Sundanese.
Puitisasi Ajaran Islam: Analisis Tekstual Nadoman Akhlak karya Kiai Muhyidin Limbangan (1903-1980) Gunawan, Aditia
Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan Vol 17 No 1 (2019)
Publisher : Center for Research and Development of Religious Literature and Heritage, Agency for Research and Development and Training, Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (491.538 KB) | DOI: 10.31291/jlka.v17i1.578

Abstract

This article will discuss the work of a scholar who has never been mentioned in Islamic literature in West Java. He is Kiai Muhyidin (1903-1980) from Limbangan, Garut. His work is called Nazmul Hujah, or commonly referred to among santri as Nadoman Akhlak. The selection of this work is mainly due to the absence of a special study of the author and his work. In fact, this work is interesting enough to be studied further because it shows the author's attempt to translate the great works of Imam al-Ghāzāli, Iḥyā ‘ulum al-din, even though only a small part of it is in Sundanese, and in poetic form. This research will first discuss in passing the terms nadoman, pupujian, and syi'iran. Then, the author will introduce the biography of Kiai Muhyidin through a review of the text in the Den Maki collection autograph script and interview. Finally, one of his works, Nadoman Akhlak, will be explored through textual analysis. In the broader Sundanese-Islamic context, this work is another example of the indigenous efforts of Islam as a Sundanese identity, through efforts to translate Arabic works into languages that were easily understood by Sundanese santri’s.Keywords: Nadoman Akhlak, Poetization, textual analysis, Kiai Muhyidin, Limbangan Artikel ini akan membicarakan karya seorang ulama yang selama ini belum pernah disebut-sebut dalam literatur Islam di Jawa Barat. Ulama tersebut adalah Kiai Muhyidin (1903-1980) yang berasal dari Limbangan, Garut. Karyanya berjudul Nazmul Hujah, atau biasa disebut di kalangan santri sebagai Nadoman Akhlak. Pemilihan karya ini terutama disebabkan belum adanya kajian secara khusus terhadap penulis dan karyanya. Padahal, karyanya ini cukup menarik untuk dikaji lebih lanjut karena menunjukkan usaha penulis untuk menerjemahkan karya besar Imam al-Ghāzāli, Iḥyā ‘ulum al-dīn, meski hanya bagian kecilnya saja ke dalam bahasa Sunda, serta ke dalam bentuk puisi. Penelitian ini pertama-tama akan membahas secara sepintas tentang istilah nadoman, pupujian, dan syi’iran. Kemudian, penulis akan memperkenalkan biografi Kiai Muhyidin melalui telaah teks dalam naskah autograf koleksi Den Maki dan wawancara. Terakhir, salah satu karyanya, Nadoman Akhlak, akan dikupas melalui analisis tekstual. Dalam konteks Sunda-Islam yang lebih luas, karya ini merupakan sebuah contoh lain dari usaha membumikan Islam ke dalam identitas Sunda, melalui usaha penerjemahan karya Arab ke dalam bahasa yang mudah dipahami oleh masyarakat.Kata kunci: Nadoman Akhlak, puitisasi, analisis tekstual, Kiai Muhyidin, Limbangan
Naskah-Naskah Nusantara di EFEO Paris: Catatan Pendahuluan Gunawan, Aditia
Manuskripta Vol 5 No 1 (2015): Manuskripta
Publisher : Masyarakat Pernaskahan Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33656/manuskripta.v5i1.39

Abstract

This article provides brief notation to the list of manuscripts collections available in École Français d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO) library. The library has 25 ancient nusantara manuscripts as collection. These manuscripts came from four different region of manuscript traditions, i.e.: Bali (17 manuscripts), Batak (3 manuscripts), Java (2 manuscripts), and Sasak (5 manuscripts). The text contained in the manuscripts are written in the letter and language of Batak, Javanese, Sasak, and Malay. Most of EFEO manuscript collection has no colophon describing year of the manuscript were written nor copied. But, most of the manuscripts were supposed to be written in the late 19th century until the 1950s. The origins of the manuscripts are not very clear. However, 7 out of 25 manuscripts were able to be traced. One script is derived from Jakarta as the donation from Pierre Yves Manguin on 21 May 1979 and six manuscript were derivedfrom Cakranagara (Lombok) as donation from Jacques Dumarçay on 8 September 1999. === Artikel ini memberikan catatan singkat atas daftar koleksi naskah yang ada di Perpustakaan Ecole Français d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO) Paris. Koleksi naskah kuno nusantara yang ada di tempat ini berjumlah 25 naskah. Naskah-naskah ini berasal dari empat wilayah tradisi naskah yang berbeda, yaitu Bali (15 naskah), Batak (3 naskah), Jawa (2 naskah), dan Sasak (5 naskah). Teks yang terdapat dalam naskah ini ditulis dalam aksara dan bahasa Batak, Jawa, Jawa Sasak, dan Melayu. Sebagaian besar naskah koleksi EFEO ini tidak memiliki kolofon yang mencantumkan angka tahun penulisan atau penyalinan. Akan tetapi, diperkirakan sebagian besar naskah ini ditulis dari akhir abad ke-19 sampai tahun 1950-an. Asal-usul naskah-naskah ini tidak terlalu jelas. Akan tetapi, dari 25 naskah ada tujuh naskah yang dapat ditelusuri asal-usulnya. Satu naskah berasal dari Jakarta merupakan sumbangan Pierre Yves Manguin pada tanggal 21 Mei 1979 dan enam naskah berasal dari Cakranagara (Lombok) sumbangan Jacques Dumarçay pada tanggal 8 September 1999.
Produksi Naskah dan Mistisisme Aksara dalam Bhīma Svarga Gunawan, Aditia
Manuskripta Vol 6 No 1 (2016): Manuskripta
Publisher : Masyarakat Pernaskahan Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33656/manuskripta.v6i1.55

Abstract

As in other parts of Asia, the figure of Bhīma also been cult in Java. The popularity of this figure has been recorded in the spread of archaeological heritages such as inscriptions, statues, and reliefs, as well as textual legacies by Bhīma as the main character. The text that is discussed in this article, Bhīma Svarga, is one version of which 'might' contain the oldest text. This text was written in the 16th century and has never been satisfactorily studied. This text contains a dialogue between Bhaṭāra Guru and Bhīma who wants to save his father, Pāndu, from hell. All of Bhaṭāra Guru’s questions can be answered perfectly. The Bhīma’s answers is the core of the text, the doctrines of Śivaisme with many aspects of cosmological and philosophical. This article introduces the manuscript sources containing the text of Bhīma Svarga from the scriptorium of West Java that has been ignored in terms of Bhīma Svarga’s manuscript tradition in Bali. Additionally, this article also provides an overview of the production of manuscripts and meanings of the scripts at the time the text was written. === Seperti di belahan Asia yang lain, tokoh Bhīma pernah dikultuskan di Jawa. Popularitas tokoh ini terekam dalam sebaran peninggalan arkeologis seperti prasasti, arca, dan relief, maupun peninggalan teks-teks dengan Bhīma sebagai tokoh utama. Teks yang didiskusikan dalam artikel ini, Bhīma Svarga, merupakan salah satu versi yang ‘mungkin’ mengandung teks tertua. Teks ini ditulis pada abad ke-16 dan belum pernah diteliti secara memuaskan. Teks ini berisi dialog antara Bhaṭāra Guru dan Bhīma yang hendak menyelamatkan ayahnya, Pāndu, dari neraka. Semua pertanyaan dari Bhaṭāra Guru bisa dijawab dengan sempurna. Jawaban-jawaban Bhīma inilah yang menjadi inti dari teks, yaitu doktrin-doktrin Śivaisme serta aspek kosmologis dan filosofisnya yang kaya. Artikel ini memperkenalkan sumber-sumber naskah yang berisi teks Bhīma Svarga dari skriptorium Jawa Barat yang selama ini diabaikan dalam kaitannya dengan Bhīma Svarga dari tradisi pernaskahan Bali. Selain itu, artikel ini juga memberikan gambaran mengenai produksi naskah dan pemaknaan terhadap aksara pada masa teks tersebut ditulis.
Children of Patanjala; Revisiting the problem of Baduy origins using Old Sundanese and Old Javanese sources Gunawan, Aditia
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Various theories regarding the origins of the Baduy people have been discussed by scholars. A recent contribution by Robert Wessing and Bart Barendregt (2005) approaches the problem from the broader context of the structure of kingdoms in Java and Pajajaran. The present paper assesses their theory in the light of documentary sources from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century, not only in the Sundanese language but also in Old Javanese. These sources indicate that the religious aspects of Baduy society reflect practices and ideas that seem to have been widespread in early Java and Bali. My approach is to investigate ethnographic and anthropological reports about the Baduy, especially those produced by Europeans at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and to compare them with Old Sundanese and Old Javanese texts from the pre-Islamic period. This study posits that the Baduy, during that specified period, were likely less isolated than they appear in contemporary contexts. Instead, they were integrated into expansive religious networks and state structures. Furthermore, it is argued that the Baduy exhibited a closer affiliation with karəsian beliefs rather than with the hulun hyang community. This alignment underscores a commitment to preserving the primordial fixed conditions and states of existence referred to in pre-Islamic sources as purbatisti and purbajati.
Vernacularization and bilingualism among the Sundanese; A case study of Kawi culture Gunawan, Aditia
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This article examines the linguistic landscape of pre-modern Sunda, drawing on documents from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. The study highlights the significant role of Old Javanese as a cosmopolitan-vernacular language among Sundanese intellectuals, shaping bilingual practices in the region. Employing the framework of language order, which posits that languages are hierarchically structured within a culture, this research seeks to address the question: what roles did Old Sundanese and Old Javanese play within the language order of Sundanese society? To answer this, the study first traces the circulation of Old Javanese texts in the Sundanese region, analysing their impact on local literary and religious traditions. It then explores explicit and implicit references to the Old Javanese language in Old Sundanese sources to assess its perceived status. Finally, the article investigates sociolinguistic interactions in fifteenth-century Sunda by analysing code-switching and translation strategies, revealing the depth of linguistic interaction between Old Sundanese and Old Javanese. The findings indicate that Old Javanese functioned as a key medium for intellectual and religious discourse in West Java from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. The vernacularization of Old Javanese texts into Old Sundanese works, such as Sasana Mahaguru, demonstrates conscious linguistic adaptation to local audiences. Contrary to prevailing assumptions, Sundanese bilingualism was not merely a consequence of Mataram’s political dominance but was deeply rooted in premodern linguistic and intellectual exchanges, where Kawi culture played a central role in transmitting supralocal knowledge to Sundanese scholars.
Kawi culture Sastrawan, Wayan Jarrah; Gunawan, Aditia
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Co-Authors Fauziyah, Evi Fuji Sastrawan, Wayan Jarrah