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All Journal Epidemiology and Society Health Review (ESHR) Archives of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
Rahmadiena, Qonita
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Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND IMMUNIZATIONS STATUS: RISK FACTORS OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION IN CHILDREN 2-5 YEARS Rahmadiena, Qonita; Risanti, Erika Diana; Dewi, Listiana Masyita; Setiawati, Shinta Riana
Epidemiology and Society Health Review (ESHR) Vol 3, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan (UAD)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/eshr.v3i1.2295

Abstract

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years old (toddlers) worldwide, especially in developing countries. ARI is an acute upper or lower respiratory tract disease that occurs acutely, usually transmitted with mild to lethal symptoms. Various risk factors cause a high incidence of ARI cases in infants, including low birth weight (LBW) and incomplete immunization. Children aged 2-5 years are expected to have received basic immunizations and complete tests according to age to have a stronger immunity to ARI than children aged less than two years. Objective: To determine the relationship of LBW and immunization history with ARI events in children aged 2-5 years.Methods: This is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design using 31 samples of ARI and non-ARI pediatric patients treated at the PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Surakarta. Samples were determined using a purposive technique - meaning that samples were taken according to specific criteria. The population was pediatric patients aged 2-5 years diagnosed with ARI: common cold, nasopharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and SARS. This study's study populations are pediatric patients aged 2-5 years who were outpatient at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Surakarta in December 2019. Therefore, the number of samples is calculated using the Sample Formula for Study Groups with Different Sample Sizes, and data was taken employing a patient's parent interview.Results: There were 31 patients with details of 17 ARI and 14 non-ARI. Fisher's test showed there was no relationship between LBW and ARI (p-value = 0.597, p> 0.05 and Prevalence Ratio = 1.286). And there was no significant relationship between the history of immunization with ARI (p-value = 0.287, p> 0.05 and Prevalence Ratio = 2.5).Conclusions: There is no significant relationship between LBW and immunization history with ARI in children aged 2-5 years.
CMV-Positive Biliary Atresia in Infants: A Review of Prognosis and Therapeutic Impact Rahmadiena, Qonita; Rahmah, Nailah; Karyanti, Mulya Rahma; Rahman, Himawan Aulia
Archives of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): APGHN Vol. 4 No. 2 May 2025
Publisher : The Indonesian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58427/apghn.4.2.2025.83-96

Abstract

Background: Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive cholangiopathy of infancy that can lead to end-stage liver disease and is the leading indication for pediatric liver transplantation. Among various proposed etiologies, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has emerged as a significant factor, giving rise to a distinct clinical subset known as CMV-positive BA. Discussion: CMV-positive BA is frequently associated with delayed diagnosis, increased incidence of postoperative cholangitis, and advanced liver fibrosis at initial presentation. These features contribute to lower rates of jaundice clearance and native liver survival. Mortality is also higher in CMV-positive patients than in their CMV-negative. Diagnostic methods include performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests on saliva, urine, or dried blood spot samples, as well as conducting abdominal ultrasound examinations that focus on identifying specific indicators, such as the triangular cord sign, which is commonly observed in patients with BA. Antiviral therapy, particularly with ganciclovir or valganciclovir, shows promise in improving native liver outcomes in CMV-positive BA patients. Early surgical intervention remains critical, yet CMV-positive BA often presents later, worsening prognosis. Preventive strategies are under investigation, including maternal CMV screening and neonatal testing. Conclusion: Early identification and tailored antiviral intervention may play a critical role in altering the disease trajectory. Increased awareness of CMV-positive BA is essential for timely diagnosis and optimal management. This review emphasizes the need to recognize CMV-positive BA as a clinically important biliary atresia subset with distinct pathophysiology and worse prognosis, underscoring the importance of early CMV screening and targeted antiviral therapy.
Co-Authors Erika Diana Risanti Listiana Masyita Dewi Mulya Rahma Karyanti, Mulya Rahma Rahmah, Nailah Rahman, Himawan Aulia Shinta Riana Setiawati, Shinta Riana