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All Journal Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Mohamad, Shaza Eva
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering

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Synergistic co-pyrolysis of Gracilaria waste and waste tires: Enhancing bio-oil quality through thermal and chemical bond optimization Masfuri, Imron; Mohamad, Shaza Eva; Sugeng, Dhani Avianto; Amdrullah, Apip; Yahya, Wira Jazair
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61202

Abstract

The increasing demand for renewable energy and sustainable waste management has prompted research into innovative conversion technologies. This study explored the co-pyrolysis of Gracilaria waste (GW) and waste tires (WT) as a potential approach to improving bio-oil quality by enhancing its hydrocarbon content and reducing oxygenated compounds. The novelty of this study lay in providing new mechanistic insights into the co-pyrolysis process by systematically analyzing the thermal degradation behavior and chemical bond evolution of GW-WT mixtures using a combination of TGA, FTIR, and GC-MS techniques. This detailed chemical transformation analysis differentiated the study from prior research that primarily focused on product yields. The study analyzed the thermal degradation behavior and chemical bond transformation of GW and WT mixtures during pyrolysis, hypothesizing that the addition of WT to GW would enhance the hydrocarbon profile and thermal stability of the resulting bio-oil. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to evaluate the decomposition behavior of five different GW-WT blend ratios under an inert atmosphere, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrosco py (FTIR) was used to assess chemical functional group evolution in both raw materials and pyrolytic products. The results revealed that GW pyrolysis exhibited a single weight loss peak (100–350°C) with a total weight loss of 40%, while WT pyrolysis followed a two-stage decomposition process (200–500°C) with a total weight loss of 65%. The GW-WT mixture resulted in a total weight loss of approximately 60%, indicating a synergistic effect between the two feedstocks. FTIR analysis confirmed a reduction in hydroxyl (-OH) groups and an increase in hydrocarbon-related bonds (C=C, C-C, and C-H), demonstrating improved bio-oil composition. These findings suggested that incorporating waste tires into Gracilaria pyrolysis enhanced bio-oil quality and hydrocarbon content, offering a promising approach for biomass valorization and sustainable energy production. Future research should explore process optimization through catalyst integration and scale-up potential for industrial applications.
Microalgae for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Remediation: Future Trends Mohd Azmil, Nurlydia; Yuzir, Ali; Mohamad, Shaza Eva; Abdullah, Norhayati; El Sheekh, Mostafa
Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution Volume 5 - Issue 2 - 2025
Publisher : Tecno Scientifica Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53623/tasp.v5i2.814

Abstract

Microalgae-based remediation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) grew rapidly, yet evidence remained dispersed across methods and outcomes. This study undertook bibliometric mapping to organise research growth, thematic structure, and actionable pathways aligned with SDGs 6, 7, 12, and 14. A Scopus database of 124 articles (2008–2025) was analysed with VOSviewer to produce keyword co-occurrence and temporal overlays, complemented by impact indicators and close reading of highly cited studies. Output increased from a formative phase to a peak in 2021, with 3275 citations overall and influence that was concentrated yet broad (h = 35; g = 51; m = 1.944). The network resolved into a central focal point (POME, microalgae, effluent/wastewater), surrounded by two related fields: pollutant metrics (COD, nitrogen, phosphorus), which supported treatment claims, and valorisation (biomass, lipid, biofuel), which linked remediation to product streams. Temporal overlays showed a progression from feasibility and nutrient polishing to method-rich optimisation (kinetics, immobilisation) and, more recently, to cultivation realism, phycoremediation, and sustainability. These patterns indicated practical levers for mill-scale deployment, including on-site cultivation with boiler CO₂, microalgae–bacteria partnerships for robustness, and combined pond–photobioreactor systems that balanced cost and control. Together, these combinations delivered cleaner effluents (SDG 6), low-carbon energy vectors (SDG 7), circular nutrient and residue reuse (SDG 12), and reduced land-based marine pollution (SDG 14). Remaining priorities included harmonised reporting of removals and yields, techno-economic and life cycle assessments at mill cluster scale, resilient process control and safety for multi-stage systems, and biomass quality assurance to safeguard downstream uses.
Co-Authors Amdrullah, Apip El Sheekh, Mostafa Masfuri, Imron Mohd Azmil, Nurlydia Norhayati Abdullah, Norhayati Sugeng, Dhani Avianto YAHYA, WIRA JAZAIR Yuzir, Ali