Hasibuan, Irkham Afnan Trisandi
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PERUBAHAN KETENTUAN GARIS PANTAI DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH SERTA DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP PELAKSANAAN DESENTRALISASI PENGELOLAAN LAUT Merdekawati, Agustina; Triatmodjo, Marsudi; Darmayani, Putu Mia; Hasibuan, Irkham Afnan Trisandi
TANJUNGPURA LAW JOURNAL Vol 5, No 2 (2021): VOLUME 5 ISSUE 2, JULY 2021
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Tanjungpura University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/tlj.v5i2.45630

Abstract

Abstract Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Local Government introduced an alteration regarding the method used to measure provincial maritime boundaries. The Locall Government Act 2014 stipulates that the provincial government's maritime area is up to 12 nautical miles measured from the high-water line. This provision differs from the provision in Act Number 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Administration, which stipulated that the distance of 12 nautical miles is measured from the low-water line. This alteration of provision reflects the direction of national policies in the authority-sharing between the central and local governments on the management of maritime areas and resources. This study aims to analyze the impacts of the alteration in maritime boundary measurement in the Local Government Act 2014 in the implementation of decentralized maritime resource management. This research was conducted in a juridical-normative manner, using secondary data. The results show that the provision regarding the maritime boundaries in the Local Government Act 2014 has had implications in several aspects, namely (1) the decrease of the maritime resources administered by the provincial governments, (2) the decline in the allocation of funds received by the regional governments, and (3) increasing the emergence of new enclaved waters administered by the central government surrounded by marine area administered by the provincial governments. The results also indicate that the provision has been implemented at the level of harmonization of regulations at the central level, although it has not been implemented in provincial maritime boundary adjustments. Abstrak Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (UU Pemda 2014) membawa perubahan mengenai garis pantai yang digunakan untuk mengukur batas laut yang dikelola oleh daerah. Dalam UU Pemda 2014 diatur bahwa luas wilayah laut yang dikelola oleh pemerintah daerah provinsi diukur sejauh maksimum 12 mil laut dari garis pantai air pasang tertinggi. Ketentuan tersebut berbeda dengan ketentuan dalam rezim Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah yang mengatur bahwa garis pantai yang digunakan untuk mengukur jarak 12 mil laut adalah garis pantai air surut terendah. Perubahan tersebut mencerminkan arah kebijakan nasional dalam ranah pembagian kewenangan pengelolaan wilayah laut antara pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah provinsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengalisis bagaimana dampak perubahan penentuan garis pantai dalam UU Pemda 2014 terhadap pelaksanaan desentralisasi pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan oleh pemerintah daerah provinsi. Penelitan dilakukan secara yuridis-normatif, dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan ketentuan mengenai garis pantai dalam UU Pemda 2014 memiliki implikasi terhadap beberapa aspek, yaitu (1) berkurangnya sumber daya kelautan yang dikelola oleh daerah, (2) potensi berkurangnya besaran anggaran DAU dan DAK yang diterima oleh pemerintah daerah provinsi, dan (3) potensi bertambahnya perairan enklave yang dikelilingi laut yang dikelola oleh daerah. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa perubahan ketentuan garis pantai sudah terimplementasi pada level harmonisasi regulasi di tingkat pusat. Namun demikian, ketentuan tersebut belum terlaksana pada tataran penyesuaian batas daerah di laut.
The Dilemma Of Operationalizing The Enterprise Under UNCLOS 1982 Agustina Merdekawati; Marsudi Triatmodjo; I Made Andi Arsana; Hasibuan, Irkham Afnan Trisandi
Brawijaya Law Journal Vol. 10 No. 2 (2023): Current Challenges, Developments and Events in The International Law
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.blj.2023.010.02.01

Abstract

The Area's deep-seabed mining activities require substantial capital and sophisticated technologies, which become barriers for developing countries. UNCLOS 1982 envisioned that the presence of the Enterprise would solve this problem. However, the Enterprise is yet to be operationalized. The UNCLOS 1982’s Implementing Agreement 1994 postponed the Enterprise’s independent operation until the requirement is fulfilled. However, there have been changes within the international community that might affect the urgency on the Enterprise’s operationalization. This paper explored the dilemma of the Enterprise’s operationalization in ensuring the participation of developing countries and to generate the optimum benefits to all mankind. This research is aimed to contribute to the understanding of contemporary problems in applying the common heritage of mankind principle in the Area. The research found three dilemmas: (a) divided interests of developing countries; (b) optimizing financial benefits redistribution; and (c) the diminishing role attributed to the Enterprise. The research concluded that it is necessary to review the provisions in UNCLOS 1982 and the 1994 Agreement with the spirit of ensuring the participation of developing countries in the Area utilization by adjusting to the current situation of the international community.
Common Heritage of Mankind Beyond Treaty Provisions: Customary or General Principle? Merdekawati, Agustina; Triatmodjo, Marsudi; Hasibuan, Irkham Afnan Trisandi
Indonesian Journal of International Law
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

The Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) has become a prevalent principle adopted in international treaties governing objects and resources situated beyond national jurisdictions. Despite this widespread adoption, it is still a subject of debate whether it constitutes something more than a mere treaty provision that only binds state parties. This paper aims to analyze the position of CHM in the sources of international law, with a focus on analyzing its existence as a customary norm and a general principle of international law. There has been no international dispute involving CHM, which leaves the question of its position in international law as it was never clarified by international court judges. This paper seeks to explore whether it would be legitimate for international courts to regard CHM as a law in settling disputes involving parties that are not bound to the relevant international treaties adopting CHM. The research was done normatively by assessing the historical and contemporary facts that could help clarify the position of CHM in international law. The research finds that CHM can be regarded as both a customary norm and a general principle of international law. CHM begins as a general principle rooted from natural law, which is then followed by consistent practices and opinio juris, indicating its acceptance as a customary norm. This paper argues that it would be legitimate for international courts to regard CHM as a law in resolving disputes relating to CHM objects irrespective of the parties’ involvement in the relevant international treaties.