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All Journal Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya International Review of Humanities Studies Amerta Berkala Arkeologi
Lee, So Tju Shinta
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Religion Arts Humanities Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Library & Information Science Social Sciences

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NARRATING THE ACT OF TRUTH IN THE JATAKA AND AVADANA RELIEFS AT CANDI BOROBUDUR LEE, So Tju Shinta
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya Vol. 13, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This paper analyzes the Act of Truth in nine Jataka and Avadana stories depicted in Candi Borobudur, Central Java, aiming to identify its key factors and purpose in the allegories. Through content analysis and comparative analysis, the study finds that merit, right speech, and intention are the primary contributing factors to the Act of Truth. A beneficial Act of Truth involves taking a firm stance on truth, driven by compassion to benefit others and attain one’s highest potential. The findings suggest that the acts in these stories form a part of the bodhisattva’s path to achieving perfect awakening. This study also offers insights into the beneficial acts represented in ancient Javanese reliefs.
THE JĀTAKAMĀLĀ RELIEFS OF BOROBUDUR: BENEFICIAL AND INSIGHTFUL ACTS IN ADVERSE TIMES LEE, So Tju Shinta
International Review of Humanities Studies Vol. 6, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This study is aimed to examine seven selected allegories of Āryaśūra’s Jātakamālā engraved in Candi Borobudur, to analyze the multiple aspects of the six perfections (pāramitās) exemplified in them and how these perfections are applied in day-to-day life. The literature study involved data collection triangulation to determine the extant Jātakamālā and pāramitā texts closest to the sources. Content analysis on the Jātakamālā texts and observation of its corresponding reliefs were carried out to identify the message and substantial points of each allegory. Both the actions and the motivation driving the character to perform such actions are considered. Using thematic analysis, the actions performed are categorized and correlated with the definition and meaning of each pāramitā. The results of the research indicate that although emphasis may be placed more on a particular perfection, multiple aspects of the perfections are presented in each allegory. The practice of the six perfections which to be cultivated jointly by those walking the path to Perfect Awakening also represent the universal values of generosity, non-harmfulness, tolerance, joyous effort, vigilance, and wisdom. This study allows one to see Borobudur’s carved reliefs in a way, which will hopefully engender appreciation for the cultural heritages of our ancestors.
POLEMIK CATRA PADA STUPA INDUK CANDI BOROBUDUR: KAJIAN ARKEOLOGI DAN FILOSOFIS LEE, So Tju Shinta; LEE, Salim
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya Vol. 15, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This paper explores the profound meaning of the main stupa at Candi Borobudur and analyzes the implications of the proposed catra installation on the monument’s spiritual and cultural values. The interpretation is based on a post-processual perspective that emphasizes the importance of considering context, internal evidence, and internal symbolic relationships rather than seeking externally sourced validation. Through a combination of literature study, observation, and comparative analysis of stupas at Borobudur itself, contemporary Buddhist candis in Central Java, and various types of stupas abroad, this research concludes that the proposal for catra installation on the main stupa of Borobudur lacks a strong foundation both archaeologically and philosophically and does not contribute to the appreciation of spiritual values. The main stupa represents the pinnacle of the highest spiritual realization: the Buddha’s awakened mind (Dharmakaya). This ultimate meaning transcends other conventional symbolisms. This study underscores the importance of a contextual and comprehensive understanding of Borobudur, encompassing cultural, spiritual, and preservation aspects. This, in turn, has implications for the effectiveness of interpretation, conservation, and more sustainable development strategies for Borobudur and other Buddhist candi sites.
Reflections on The Maitrakanyaka-Avadana at Candi Borobudur: The Teaching of Exchanging and Equalizing Lee, So Tju Shinta; Lee, Salim
AMERTA Vol. 43 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/amt.2025.4907

Abstract

Abstrak. Refleksi tentang Maitrakanyaka-avadana di Candi Borobudur: Ajaran “Menukar dan Menyamakan". Tulisan ini mengeksplorasi ajaran berlapis dalam cerita Maitrakanyaka yang tergambar pada relief Candi Borobudur, dengan fokus pada praktik “menukar dan menyamakan” (parivartana). Melalui analisis dialogis relief dan perbandingan dengan versi naskah Sanskerta, Tionghoa, Tibet, dan Pali, penelitian ini mengungkap unsur-unsur didaktik yang kaya. Narasi ini berpuncak pada ajaran mendalam tentang parivartana (atau tonglen), yang menekankan keberanian untuk mengambil alih penderitaan orang lain. Praktik yang dimotivasi oleh bodhicitta ini yang dipahat di Borobudur, merupakan bagian dari ajaran-ajaran terkenal dalam Buddhadharma mengenai budidaya pikiran. Relief-relief tersebut yang kemungkinan terinspirasi oleh berbagai versi naskah, juga menunjukkan proses seleksi, interpretasi, dan adaptasi yang terampil dari para perancang dan pemahat Borobudur dalam menciptakan narasi visual, sekaligus berfungsi sebagai bukti penguasaan literasi yang luas pada masanya. Pada akhirnya, penelitian ini menyoroti bagaimana relief Borobudur secara efektif menyampaikan ajaran yang mengakar kuat yang masih relevan dan masih dipraktikkan hingga sekarang. Kata kunci: Ajaran Borobudur, Cerita Maitrakanyaka, Parivartana, Relief naratif, Tonglen   Abstract. This paper explores the multi-layered teachings within the Maitrakanyaka story as depicted in the Borobudur reliefs, focusing on the practice of “exchanging and equalizing” (parivartana). Employing dialogical analysis of the reliefs and comparing them with Sanskrit, Chinese, Tibetan, and Pali manuscript versions, the study reveals rich didactic elements. The narrative culminates in a profound teaching on parivartana (or tonglen), emphasizing the courageous act of taking on the suffering of others. This bodhicitta-motivated teaching, carved at Borobudur, is part of the celebrated teachings within Buddhadharma regarding mind cultivation. The reliefs, likely inspired by various manuscript versions, also demonstrate the Borobudur designers’ and sculptors’ process of selection, interpretation, and adaptation in creating a visual narrative, while simultaneously serving as evidence of the extensive literary mastery of their time. Ultimately, this study highlights how Borobudur’s reliefs continue to convey these enduring teachings, which remain relevant and practiced today. Keywords: Borobudur teachings, Maitrakanyaka-avadana, Narrative relief, Parivartana, Tonglen
The signification of paramita teachings in Jatakamala reliefs at Candi Borobudur: Semiotic perspective : Pemaknaan ajaran paramita pada relief Jatakamala di Candi Borobudur: Perspektif semiotika Lee, So Tju Shinta; Munandar, Agus Aris
Berkala Arkeologi Vol. 42 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : BRIN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30883/jba.v42i2.963

Abstract

Tulisan ini mengkaji bagaimana relief Jatakamala di Candi Borobudur merepresentasikan ajaran enam kesempurnaan (sat-paramita), peran sosial dari tokoh utama, dan nilai-nilai universal di dalam cerita. Penelitian ini perlu dilakukan karena belum ada analisis yang memadai bagaimana Jatakamala diasosiasikan dengan praktik kesempurnaan pada kajian-kajian terdahulu. Berdasarkan tiga komponen data: relief, naskah, dan sutra-sutra mengenai enam kesempurnaan, kajian ini menggunakan semiotika pragmatis Charles Sanders Peirce untuk mengidentifikasi kesempurnaan/multikesempurnaan pada lima cerita Jatakamala. Analisis tematis digunakan untuk melihat peran sosial dan pesan universal dalam 14 cerita. Penerapan triadik Peirce menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing cerita merepresentasikan multikesempurnaan. Tokoh utama dalam Jatakamala berperan aktif secara sosial dan turut memecahkan isu-isu di masyarakat melalui tindakan dan keteladanan. Jatakamala juga mengandung nilai-nilai universal sebagai sarana pembelajaran dan pendidikan.
Co-Authors Agus Aris Munandar LEE, Salim