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All Journal Estoria: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Proceeding ISETH (International Summit on Science, Technology, and Humanity) Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya Wacana: Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia International Review of Humanities Studies Berkala Arkeologi Multikultura
Agus Aris Munandar
University of Indonesia
Religion Arts Humanities Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Education Engineering Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Library & Information Science Medicine & Pharmacology Social Sciences Other

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Upaya Pemberian Makna pada Prasasti Berbentuk Stambha dari Jawa Tengah (Abad IX–X Masehi) Alnoza, Muhamad; Munandar, Agus Aris
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya Vol. 11, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

The Stone stele is made in a particular form based on a particular concept. The concept behind the making of the inscription is called meaning. Archaeologists need to interpret this in uncovering the meaning behind the inscription form by studying semiotics in the overall form and contents of the inscription. This paper studies the meaning of the stambha inscriptions from the 9th-10th century AD. The study is aimed at reconstructing the concept behind the making of the stambha inscriptions in ancient Java. The method used in this study consists of data collection, data analysis, and interpretation. Based on this series of studies, it can be seen that the stambha inscription has a hierarchical sacred meaning.
Berbagai Bentuk Ragam Hias pada Bangunan Hindu-Buda dan Awal Masuknya Islam di Jawa Munandar, Agus Aris
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 1, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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THE ŚHIVA-BUDDHIST CONCEPT IN THE TEMPLE OF SINGHASARI-MAJAPAHIT PERIODS Wahyudi, Deny Yudo; Munandar, Agus Aris; Setyani, Turita Indah
International Review of Humanities Studies Vol. 6, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Religious tolerance, which is now starting to fade, has grown since the past. The Śhiva and Buddhist religious coalition from the Singhasari era to Majapahit might represent its religious tolerance. Several temples, consisting of Jawi, Jago, Panataran and Jabung, seem to reflect the concept of Śhiva-Buddhist. Its Śhiva-Buddhist characteristics could be referred from the textual information, its architecture, and its relief. This study used the analytical method and a historical-archaeology approach. The descriptions of these elements were identified and analyzed to strengthen the opinion of the Śhiva-Buddhist coalition. This study found that the Śhiva-Buddhist concept, as reflected in the Jawi, Jago, Panataran and Jabung temples,emphasizes the phenomenon of the coalition of the two religions during the Singhasari-Majapahit period.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTIFACTS AS EXPRESSIVE DESIRE OF HINDU-BUDDHA RELIGIONS IN JAVA IN 8th–15th CENTURIES Munandar, Agus Aris
International Review of Humanities Studies Vol. 4, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This study discusses the Hindu-Buddha religions in the ancient Javanese society which developed in 8—15 th Century AD when the centers of the kingdoms in the central part of Java. The case discussed in this paper is concerned with their ritual and ceremony tools used by the worshipped of Hindu-Buddha religions, especially in the regards with the statues of Hindu-Buddha gods, which are still used up to the present time. The statues of Hindu-Buddha gods are actually the realization of wishes to fulfill their worshipper hopes. This study in line with the opinion of Melford E.Spiro (1977), an expert on religion studies, who states that religion tools and rituals can be considered as expressive desires of the religion worshipper. The statues of Gods, temple structure, and reliefs function ot only as decorative matters, but also as expressive desire of silpins (religious artisants) and the community who performs the rituals in regard with their belief. It can be said that these silpin in the ancient Javanese society were doing religious ceremonies and their dedication to their Gods while they were constructing to the statues, reliefs, and temple. It is then these silpins are expressing (1) their dedication to the God by designing certain statues or narrative reliefs, and (2) personal and community expresses in creating religiously aesthetic artifacts.
Kisah-kisah dan Kepercayaan Rakyat di Seputar Kepurbakalaan Munandar, Agus Aris
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya Vol. 2, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Some archeological sites in Java, Bali, and Sumatra do not have historical data. This is because during the research, there has not been found any documents relating to the existence of the artifacts. The reconstruction of the relation between the sites and their history were made through analyzing the folk stories and local beliefs about the artifacts. Some of the artifacts are in the forms of temples, gates, water springs (source of holy water during the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Java), stairs, caves for meditation, and layers of stones, such as found in Candi Bima (the Bima temple), Goa Jaran (the cave of the horse), and Bima Lukar water spring in Dieng; the story of the statue of Kunto Bimo in Borobudur temple; the story of Prince Gunadharma in the vicinity of the Borobudur temple, Moonstone in Kalasan temple, and the story of Prambanan temple and the palace of Ratu Baka in Jogjakarta, the Jalatunda water spring in Mojokerto; the story of the cave of Selamangleng and the story of the statue of Thothokkerot in Kediri; the Brahu temple and the Bajang Ratu gate in Trowulan; the first gate of Candi Sukuh in Karanganyar; the big Nekara in Pura Penataran Sasih in Gianyar, Bali; the Karang Kamulyan site in Ciamis, West Java; the Pasemah megalith, in Pagar Alam, South Sumatra. Van Peursen’s ontological approach is used in the research to analyze the relation between the artifacts and the society, thus a study of the past is in the open.
BANGUNAN KEAGAMAAN HINDU-BUDDHA MENURUT URAIAN KAKAWIN NAGARAKRTAGAMA Munandar, Agus Aris
Estoria: Journal of Social Science and Humanities Vol 2, No 1 (2021): Estoria: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
Publisher : Universitas Indraprasta PGRI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (960.592 KB) | DOI: 10.30998/je.v2i1.597

Abstract

During the Majapahit era, the Nagarakrtagama book in the form of kakawin (Old Javanese poetry) was composed by Mpu Prapanca, the kakawin was completed in 1365 AD. no longer exist because it collapsed or the location is not yet known. Using an archaeological-historical approach, this study discusses several sacred buildings mentioned in the Nagarakrtagama whose existence can still be known archaeologically. The analysis was carried out by combining the written data from Nagarakrtagama with archaeological data in the form of temples on the site, to then review some of the features of the temple building. Through the analysis carried out, it can be seen that during the Majapahit era there were at least 3 types of religious buildings based on their religious background, namely Hindu-saiwa, Bauddha, and Shiva-Buddha. The most sacred buildings erected are Hindu-saiwa, it seems that in general, the Majapahit population embraces this religion. There is also a two-religious temple, namely Shiva-Buddha and a pendharmaan temple building that was erected to glorify a deceased figure, while a rare Bauddha sacred building is found in Majapahit. It seems that Buddhism did develop on a limited basis at that time.Key words: Majapahit, Hinduism, Buddha, temple, Mahameru, gods
Makna Atribut Istimewa pada Arca Perwujudan Tokoh-tokoh Perempuan Majapahit: Kajian Arkeologi Religi Hindu-Buddha Permata, Nabila Mega; Munandar, Agus Aris; Harazaki, Evan Gavriel
Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage Vol. 11 No. 2 (2022): HERITAGE OF NUSANTARA
Publisher : Center for Research and Development of Religious Literature and Heritage

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31291/hn.v11i2.662

Abstract

Attributes of the sculpture are one of the most important aspects of the sculpture iconography, as some embodiment sculptures have special attributes as the identity of the figure being depicted. The embodiment sculptures discussed in this study are the embodiment sculptures of the Gayatri, Tribhuwanatunggadewi, and Suhita. This study aims to reveal the meaning of the embodiment sculptures’ special attributes and the relationship between these meanings and the figures depicted. Peirce’s semiotic study was employed in this study. Based on the semiosis on the sculpture attributes, it is found that Tribhuwanatunggadewi is a Shiva-Buddhist queen regnant. It is also found that Suhita implemented government politics and cultural policy during her reign, as well as strengthening information regarding the role of Gayatri and Tribhuwanatunggadewi as Makalamanggalya. This study contributes a novel finding which complements pre-existed studies on iconography. It also contributes a methodology novelty in that semiotic approach could be used to provide comprehensive data in archaeological study.
PENATAAN HALAMAN PERCANDIAN BUDDHA DI JAWA TENGAH Sihombing, Yohann Marshel Firstman; Munandar, Agus Aris
Multikultura Vol. 1, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap penataan halaman percandian Buddha di Jawa Tengah bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk-bentuk penataan halaman dengan memperhatikan karakteristik yang terdapat pada halaman percandian Buddha di Jawa Tengah. Pendirian percandian Buddha di Jawa Tengah diketahui berkaitan dengan Dinasti Śailendra yang bercorak Buddhis dan berkuasa pada abad VIII-X Masehi. Percandian ini berfungsi sebagai tempat dilakukannya ritus upacara bagi umat pemeluk agama ataupun didirikan bagi kaum agamawan sebagai vihara. Fungsi yang demikian berkenaan dengan ragam bentuk penataan halaman pada masing-masing percandian Buddha di Jawa Tengah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode klasifikasi berdasarkan variabel yang terdapat pada halaman percandian Buddha di Jawa Tengah. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, penataan halaman beserta variabel yang melekat pada halaman percandian Buddha di Jawa Tengah bertalian erat dengan aktivitas keagamaan yang berlangsung pada percandian tersebut.
APRESIASI DAN MAKNA KISAH MAHABHARATA DALAM MASYARAKAT JAWA KUNO Munandar, Agus Aris
Multikultura Vol. 1, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Kajian ini membahas tentang kisah Mahabharata yang diapresiasi oleh masyarakat Jawa Kuno dalam abad ke-8—15 M. Bentuk apresiasi tersebut berupa karya sastra, penggambaran relief di candi-candi, dan juga beberapa tokoh dalam Mahabharata yang diarcakan. Kisah Mahabharata lebih populer daripada kisah Ramayana, uraiannya pun lebih luas, sekedar perbandingan beberapa data tentang kedua kisah itu adalah: Dewa utama yang dipuja dalam Ramayana ialah Visnu, sedangkan dalam Mahabharata adalah Siva Mahadeva, Ramayana mempunyai 7 kanda (jilid), sedangkan Mahabharata terdiri dari 18 parwa (bagian kisah), dalam Ramayana adanya tokoh hewan yang berperang, sedangkan dalam Mahabharata sepenuhnya tokoh-tokoh manusia. Setelah dilakukan telaah terhadap uraian kisah Mahabharata dan dampaknya pada masyarakat Jawa Kuno, maka dapat diketahui bahwa kisah Mahabharata (a) mengajarkan detail-detail sistem kerajaan di Jawa, (b) menjadi acuan tindakan bagi para raja dan ksatrya Jawa Kuno, (c) sebagai kisah yang menjadi latar belakang pemujaan nenek moyang, dan (d) tokoh-tokoh cerita dalam Mahabharata menjadi acuan sifat baik dan buruk. Kisah Mahabharata pun sampai sekarang masih dikenal terutama dalam etnik Jawa, Sunda. dan Bali dalam bentuk pagelaran wayang kulit, wayang golek, wayang wong, sendratari, dan bentuk seni pertunjukan lainnya yang berlatar belakang petikan dari kisah tersebut. Mahabharata bukanlah sembarang kisah kepahlawanan, melainkan juga kisah keagamaan yang secara tidak langsung mengajarkan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan yang dinarasikan dalam untaian cerita. Hal yang menarik dalam masyarakat Jawa kisah Mahabharata telah dianggap sebagai karya susastra milik orang Jawa sendiri, bukan dari budaya India.
The signification of paramita teachings in Jatakamala reliefs at Candi Borobudur: Semiotic perspective : Pemaknaan ajaran paramita pada relief Jatakamala di Candi Borobudur: Perspektif semiotika Lee, So Tju Shinta; Munandar, Agus Aris
Berkala Arkeologi Vol. 42 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : BRIN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30883/jba.v42i2.963

Abstract

Tulisan ini mengkaji bagaimana relief Jatakamala di Candi Borobudur merepresentasikan ajaran enam kesempurnaan (sat-paramita), peran sosial dari tokoh utama, dan nilai-nilai universal di dalam cerita. Penelitian ini perlu dilakukan karena belum ada analisis yang memadai bagaimana Jatakamala diasosiasikan dengan praktik kesempurnaan pada kajian-kajian terdahulu. Berdasarkan tiga komponen data: relief, naskah, dan sutra-sutra mengenai enam kesempurnaan, kajian ini menggunakan semiotika pragmatis Charles Sanders Peirce untuk mengidentifikasi kesempurnaan/multikesempurnaan pada lima cerita Jatakamala. Analisis tematis digunakan untuk melihat peran sosial dan pesan universal dalam 14 cerita. Penerapan triadik Peirce menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing cerita merepresentasikan multikesempurnaan. Tokoh utama dalam Jatakamala berperan aktif secara sosial dan turut memecahkan isu-isu di masyarakat melalui tindakan dan keteladanan. Jatakamala juga mengandung nilai-nilai universal sebagai sarana pembelajaran dan pendidikan.
Co-Authors Alnoza, Muhamad Deny Yudo Wahyudi Harazaki, Evan Gavriel Lee, So Tju Shinta Permata, Nabila Mega Putranto, St. Prabawa Dwi Sihombing, Yohann Marshel Firstman Sinta Ridwan Sunaryo, Hary Turita Indah Setyani Widyahastuti, Dwi Ratna Sylvia Winardi, Donny