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Effect of Devices and Driving Pressures on Energy Requirements and Mass Transfer Coefficient on Microalgae Lipid Extraction Assisted by Hydrodynamic Cavitation Setyawan, Martomo; Mulyono, Panut; Sutijan, Sutijan; Pradana, Yano Surya; Prasakti, Laras; Budiman, Arief
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 9, No 3 (2020): October 2020
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2020.26773

Previous studies of biodiesel production from microalgae have concluded that microalgal biodiesel is not profitable at an industrial scale due to its excessive energy consumption for lipid extraction. Hydrodynamic cavitation lipid extraction is one of the extraction methods which has lower energy consumption. Thismethod enables a fast extraction rate and low energy consumption for cell disruption. In order to achieve optimum process conditions, several influential parameters, which are cavitation generator geometry and driving pressure, need to be scrutinized. The experimental result showed that the maximum yield was obtained at 5 bar driving pressure. The lowest specific extraction energy was obtained at 4.167 bar driving pressure while using one side concave cavitation generator geometry with the ratio of the reduced cross-sectional area of 0.39. The value of the energy extraction requirement 17.79 kJoule/g lipids is less than the biodiesel heating value, and the value of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient is almost 20 times fold greater than the conventional extraction method, therefore this method is promising to be further developed.

Kinetika Reaksi Esterifikasi Gliserol dengan Asam Asetat Menggunakan Katalisator Indion 225 Na Nuryoto; Hary Sulistyo; Suprihastuti, Sri Rahayu; Sutijan
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 5, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Biodisel merupakan bahan bakar alternatif yang ramah lingkungan. Dengan semakin meningkatnya proses pembuatan biodiesel, maka akan diikuti dengan meningkatnya produk samping berupa gliserol. Untuk itu, usaha pengolahan gliserol menjadi produk lain harus dilakukan, agar nilai ekonomi gliserol makin meningkat. Salah satunya adalah dengan mengolahnya menjadi triacetin. Triacetin merupakan hasil reaksi antara gliserol dan asam asetat. Penggunaan katalisator padat berupa resin penukar ion Indion 225 Na dimaksudkan untuk mempermudah pemisahan hasil reaksi. Pembuatan triacetin pada penelitian ini dilakukan dalam reaktor batch, dengan kecepatan pengadukan 1000 rpm, suhu reaksi 333 K – 373 K, menggunakan katalisator padat ukuran diameter 0,085 cm, perbandingan pereaksi 7 gmol asam asetat/gmol gliserol, dan konsentrasi katalisator 3% berat asam asetat. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan setiap 15 menit sampai waktu reaksi 90 menit untuk dianalisis kadar asam bebasnya. Disamping itu, asam total, asam bebas, dan gliserol total pada saat awal reaksi ditentukan secara volumetri. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan konversi tertinggi diperoleh sebesar 41,7% pada suhu 373 K, dan laju reaksi merupakan langkah yang mengontrol. Pengaruh suhu terhadap konstanta kecepatan reaksi pada kisaran 333 K – 373 K dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan berikut: kr = 3,344 x 100000 exp (-7.955,56/T ) (1/detik) Kata kunci: esterifikasi, asam asetat, gliserol, Indion 225 Na, triacetin, biodisel Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative fuel. The increase of biodiesel production is followed by the increase of the glycerol as by product. Therefore, conversion of glycerol into other products to increase its economic value should be done such as converting it to triacetin. Triacetin is a product from a reaction between glycerol and acetic acid. The use of solid catalysts such as ion exchange resin 225 Indion Na is an alternative method to ease product separation. Preparation of triacetin was conducted in a batch reactor with a stirring speed of 1000 rpm, at temperature of 333 K – 373 K, catalyst diameter of 0.085 cm, the reactant ratio of 7 gmol acetic acid / gmol glycerol, and catalyst concentration of 3% to weight of acetic acid. The sample was taken every 15 minutes in a reaction time of 90 minutes then was analized for free acid concentration. Total acid, free acid, and total glycerol were also determined by volumetric method at the early stage of reaction. The results showed that the highest conversion as high as 41.7% was achieved at 373 K. It was found that the reaction rate was the controlling step. The effect of temperature to rate of reaction constants in the temperature range of 333 K – 373 K can be expressed as follows: kr = 3.344 x 100000 exp (-7,955.56/T ) (1/s) Keywords: esterification, acetic acid, glycerol, Indion 225 Na, triacetin, biodiesel

Studi Simulasi pada Unit Reformer Primer di PT Pupuk Sriwidjaya Palembang Sigit Abdurrakhman; Sutijan; Muslikhin Hidayat
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 6, No 2 (2012)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Pabrik amonia merupakan salah satu pabrik yang terdapat di industri pupuk. Unit Reformer Primer merupakan salah satu alat di pabrik amonia yang merupakan tempat terjadinya reaksi katalitik antara steam dengan metana dikenal dengan proses steam methane reforming. Bahan baku utama adalah steam (H2O) dan gas alam dengan kandungan utama metana (CH4). Penelitian ini membuat model proses unit Reformer Primer untuk menghitung profil temperatur, tekanan dan komposisi untuk kondisi operasi steady state dengan berdasarkan kondisi operasi di pabrik Amonia Pusri 3 PT Pupuk Sriwidjaya Palembang. Asumsi yang digunakan adalah plug flow baik pada sisi furnace maupun pada sisi reaktor katalitik dan kondisi steady state. Untuk menyelesaikan persamaan diferensial ordiner yang digunakan pada penelitian ini dipakai metode Runge Kutta dengan program SciLab sehingga didapat profil konversi dan temperatur di Reformer Primer. Variabel yang mempengaruhi dalam reaksi di Reformer Primer adalah temperatur, tekanan, dan komposisi. Hasil simulasi jika dibandingkan dengan data operasional pabrik menunjukkan ralat rerata 3,94 %. Jika model tersebut digunakan pada berbagai kondisi operasi menghasilkan ralat rerata 7,01 %. Kata kunci: reformer primer, metana, steam, amonia Ammonia plant is the main part of fertilizer industry. Primary reformer is an unit operation where catalytic reaction between steam and methane take place, or it is known as steam methane reforming. The main raw material is steam (H2O) and natural gas with major content of methane (CH4). The objective of this research was to develop primary reformer unit process model to calculate temperature, pressure and composition profiles for steady state operation according to operating condition on Ammonia III plant in PT Pupuk Sriwidjaya Palembang. The assumption used was plug flow model both on the furnace side and on the catalytic reactor side for steady state conditions. The ordinary differential equations were solved using Runge Kutta method with Scilab software to get the conversion, pressure and temperature profiles on primary reformer. Variabels evaluated were temperature, pressure, and composition. The simulation result showed that an average error of 3.94 % compared to the operational plant data. For various operating conditions this simulation showed an average error of 7.01 %. Keyword: primary reformer, methane, steam, ammonia

Kinetika Reaksi Esterifikasi Palm Fatty Acid Distilate (PFAD) menjadi Biodiesel dengan Katalis Zeolit-Zirkonia Tersulfatasi Masduki; Sutijan; Arief Budiman
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 7, No 2 (2013)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Krisis energi karena menipisnya cadangan minyak bumi mendorong manusia untuk berinovasi menciptakan sumber energi alternatif. Salah satu sumber energi alternatif yang potensial untuk dikembangkan adalah biodiesel. Produksi biodiesel skala besar terkendala oleh harga bahan baku yang mahal dan cenderung bersaing dengan kebutuhan pangan. Oleh karena itu perlu dicari bahan baku yang lebih murah dan tidak bersaing dengan kebutuhan pangan. Salah satu bahan yang dapat memenuhi kepentingan tersebut adalah Palm Fatty Acid Distilate (PFAD). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kinetika reaksi esterifikasi PFAD menjadi biodiesel dengan katalis zeolit zirkonia tersulfatasi. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) sebagai sumber asam lemak diesterifikasi menjadi biodiesel di dalam labu leher tiga yang dilengkapi dengan pemanas, pengaduk dan sistem refluks. Untuk memperoleh data kinetika, sampel diambil pada interval waktu 10 menit untuk dianalisis konversi asam lemaknya. Model kinetika reaksi esterifikasi PFAD menjadi biodiesel didekati dengan reaksi pseudo-homogen orde satu dan reaksi heterogen katalitik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua model kinetika yang diusulkan cukup sesuai dengan data percobaan. Hasil perhitungan model reaksi pseudo-homogen menghasilkan energi aktivasi sebesar 11,60 kJ/mol dan faktor pre-eksponensial sebesar 5,82.1016 s-1. Sedangkan untuk model reaksi heterogen katalitik diperoleh energi aktivasi sebesar 950,46 kJ/mol dan faktor pre-eksponensial sebesar 4,11 x 1010 dm6.gkat-1.mol-1.s-1. Konversi reaksi maksimum sebesar 75,68% diperoleh pada waktu reaksi 80 menit, suhu reaksi 65°C dengan konsentrasi katalis 3% dan perbandingan mol PFAD:metanol = 1:10. Kata kunci: biodiesel, kinetika, esterifikasi, palm fatty acid distillate, zeolit zirkonia tersulfatasi. Energy crisis due to depletion of crude oil resources has been a motivation for alternative energy search. Biodiesel becomes a potential among other alternative energy sources. However, large scale biodiesel production is hampered by the raw materials which become expensive and tent to compete with the source of food needs. Therefore, a search for an alternative inexpensive raw material is necessary. Palm fatty acid distilate (PFAD) is one of alternative raw materials can be utilized. The present work objective was to investigate reaction kinetics of PFAD esterification for biodiesel with zirconium sulphated zeolite as catalyst. PFAD as a source of fatty acid underwent esterification to produce biodiesel in a three necked flask equiped with heater, stirrer and reflux condensor. In order to study the reaction kinetics, samples were collected consecutively every 10 minutes and the conversion of the fatty acid in each sample was determined. Here, two esterification reaction models were proposed i.e. pseudo-homogeneous first order reaction model and heterogeneous catalytic reaction model. The results showed that calculated conversion for both proposed models were in a good agreement with the experimental data. The pseudo homogeneous reaction model has an activation energy of 11.60 kJ/mole and a pre-exponential factor of 5.821016 s1. Whereas, the heterogeneous reaction model has an activation energy of 950.46 kJ/mole and pre-exponential factor of 4.111010 dm6.g cat1.mol1.s1. The maximum conversion of 75.68% was obtained at 80 minute reaction time, at 65C with the use of 3% catalyst and a PFAD:methanol molar ratio of 1:10. Keywords: biodiesel, kinetics, esterification, palm fatty acid distillate, zirconium sulphated zeolite.

Karakterisasi Larutan Polimer KYPAM HPAM untuk Bahan Injeksi dalam Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Harimurti Wicaksono; Sutijan; Ahmad Tawfiequrrahman Yuliansyah
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 9, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Polymer injection is one method of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), where the polymer is dissolved in water, usually the formation water. Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer types are most commonly used. This study aims to investigate the effect of KYPAM HPAM polymer concentration and operating conditions upon the water injection in order to determine the optimal injection system. Viscosity of polyacrylamide solution was measured with a Brookfield viscometer. Variation in salinity is carried out by mixing formation water with distilled water, whereas for high salinity of formation water using evaporation method. Shear rate was varied in the range of 145 s-1, while solution temperature was varied in the range of 70  87°C , and the effect of H2S gas in the solution was conducted by saturating the solution using natural gas which has concentration of H2S as 100 ppm. The results show that the effect of salinity solution has the greatest influence on the decrease in viscosity of the solution when compared to the other factors. Decrease in viscosity was due to agglomeration process resulting precipitate of polyacrylamide in the form of vaterite and aragonite morphology. The result also show that an increase in shear rate resulting lower viscosity. The increase in temperature causes the viscosity of the solution decreases. Meanwhile, the presence of H2S in the solution reduces the viscosity of the solution due to chemical degradation. Keywords: EOR, formation water, polymer injection, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, salinity, polymer concentration. Injeksi polimer merupakan salah satu metode dalam Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Dalam hal ini, polimer terlebih dulu dilarutkan dalam air, biasanya air formasi. Poliakrilamida terhidrolisis (HPAM) merupakan salah satu jenis polimer yang paling sering digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi polimer KYPAM HPAM dan kondisi operasi pada injeksi air untuk menentukan sistem injeksi yang optimal. Larutan poliakrilamida diukur viskositasnya dengan viskometer Brookfield. Variasi salinitas dilakukan dengan mencampur air formasi dan aquades, sedangkan untuk salinitas tinggi dari air formasi dengan menggunakan metode penguapan.Variasi shear rate dilakukan pada kisaran 145 s-1, sedangkan suhu larutan divariasikan di kisaran 7087°C. Pengaruh gas H2S dalam larutan dilakukan dengan menjenuhkan larutan menggunakan gas alam yang memiliki konsentrasi H2S 100 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa salinitas memiliki pengaruh terbesar pada penurunan viskositas larutan bila dibandingkan dengan faktor-faktor lain. Penurunan viskositas disebabkan aglomerasi menghasilkan endapan poliakrilamida dalam bentuk vaterite dan morfologi aragonit. Hasil percobaan juga menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan shear rate, mengakibatkan viskositas larutan terukur rendah. Peningkatan suhu menyebabkan viskositas larutan turun, sedangkan kehadiran H2S dalam larutan mengurangi viskositas larutan karena terjadi degradasi kimia pada polimer. Kata kunci: EOR, air formasi, injeksi polimer, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, salinitas, konsentrasi polimer

Kinetika Reaksi Esterifikasi Gliserol dengan Asam Asetat Menggunakan Katalisator Indion 225 Na Nuryoto; Hary Sulistyo; Suprihastuti, Sri Rahayu; Sutijan
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 5, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.1897

Biodisel merupakan bahan bakar alternatif yang ramah lingkungan. Dengan semakin meningkatnya proses pembuatan biodiesel, maka akan diikuti dengan meningkatnya produk samping berupa gliserol. Untuk itu, usaha pengolahan gliserol menjadi produk lain harus dilakukan, agar nilai ekonomi gliserol makin meningkat. Salah satunya adalah dengan mengolahnya menjadi triacetin. Triacetin merupakan hasil reaksi antara gliserol dan asam asetat. Penggunaan katalisator padat berupa resin penukar ion Indion 225 Na dimaksudkan untuk mempermudah pemisahan hasil reaksi. Pembuatan triacetin pada penelitian ini dilakukan dalam reaktor batch, dengan kecepatan pengadukan 1000 rpm, suhu reaksi 333 K – 373 K, menggunakan katalisator padat ukuran diameter 0,085 cm, perbandingan pereaksi 7 gmol asam asetat/gmol gliserol, dan konsentrasi katalisator 3% berat asam asetat. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan setiap 15 menit sampai waktu reaksi 90 menit untuk dianalisis kadar asam bebasnya. Disamping itu, asam total, asam bebas, dan gliserol total pada saat awal reaksi ditentukan secara volumetri. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan konversi tertinggi diperoleh sebesar 41,7% pada suhu 373 K, dan laju reaksi merupakan langkah yang mengontrol. Pengaruh suhu terhadap konstanta kecepatan reaksi pada kisaran 333 K – 373 K dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan berikut: kr = 3,344 x 100000 exp (-7.955,56/T ) (1/detik) Kata kunci: esterifikasi, asam asetat, gliserol, Indion 225 Na, triacetin, biodisel Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative fuel. The increase of biodiesel production is followed by the increase of the glycerol as by product. Therefore, conversion of glycerol into other products to increase its economic value should be done such as converting it to triacetin. Triacetin is a product from a reaction between glycerol and acetic acid. The use of solid catalysts such as ion exchange resin 225 Indion Na is an alternative method to ease product separation. Preparation of triacetin was conducted in a batch reactor with a stirring speed of 1000 rpm, at temperature of 333 K – 373 K, catalyst diameter of 0.085 cm, the reactant ratio of 7 gmol acetic acid / gmol glycerol, and catalyst concentration of 3% to weight of acetic acid. The sample was taken every 15 minutes in a reaction time of 90 minutes then was analized for free acid concentration. Total acid, free acid, and total glycerol were also determined by volumetric method at the early stage of reaction. The results showed that the highest conversion as high as 41.7% was achieved at 373 K. It was found that the reaction rate was the controlling step. The effect of temperature to rate of reaction constants in the temperature range of 333 K – 373 K can be expressed as follows: kr = 3.344 x 100000 exp (-7,955.56/T ) (1/s) Keywords: esterification, acetic acid, glycerol, Indion 225 Na, triacetin, biodiesel

Studi Simulasi pada Unit Reformer Primer di PT Pupuk Sriwidjaya Palembang Sigit Abdurrakhman; Sutijan; Muslikhin Hidayat
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 6, No 2 (2012)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.4693

Pabrik amonia merupakan salah satu pabrik yang terdapat di industri pupuk. Unit Reformer Primer merupakan salah satu alat di pabrik amonia yang merupakan tempat terjadinya reaksi katalitik antara steam dengan metana dikenal dengan proses steam methane reforming. Bahan baku utama adalah steam (H2O) dan gas alam dengan kandungan utama metana (CH4). Penelitian ini membuat model proses unit Reformer Primer untuk menghitung profil temperatur, tekanan dan komposisi untuk kondisi operasi steady state dengan berdasarkan kondisi operasi di pabrik Amonia Pusri 3 PT Pupuk Sriwidjaya Palembang. Asumsi yang digunakan adalah plug flow baik pada sisi furnace maupun pada sisi reaktor katalitik dan kondisi steady state. Untuk menyelesaikan persamaan diferensial ordiner yang digunakan pada penelitian ini dipakai metode Runge Kutta dengan program SciLab sehingga didapat profil konversi dan temperatur di Reformer Primer. Variabel yang mempengaruhi dalam reaksi di Reformer Primer adalah temperatur, tekanan, dan komposisi. Hasil simulasi jika dibandingkan dengan data operasional pabrik menunjukkan ralat rerata 3,94 %. Jika model tersebut digunakan pada berbagai kondisi operasi menghasilkan ralat rerata 7,01 %. Kata kunci: reformer primer, metana, steam, amonia Ammonia plant is the main part of fertilizer industry. Primary reformer is an unit operation where catalytic reaction between steam and methane take place, or it is known as steam methane reforming. The main raw material is steam (H2O) and natural gas with major content of methane (CH4). The objective of this research was to develop primary reformer unit process model to calculate temperature, pressure and composition profiles for steady state operation according to operating condition on Ammonia III plant in PT Pupuk Sriwidjaya Palembang. The assumption used was plug flow model both on the furnace side and on the catalytic reactor side for steady state conditions. The ordinary differential equations were solved using Runge Kutta method with Scilab software to get the conversion, pressure and temperature profiles on primary reformer. Variabels evaluated were temperature, pressure, and composition. The simulation result showed that an average error of 3.94 % compared to the operational plant data. For various operating conditions this simulation showed an average error of 7.01 %. Keyword: primary reformer, methane, steam, ammonia

Kinetika Reaksi Esterifikasi Palm Fatty Acid Distilate (PFAD) menjadi Biodiesel dengan Katalis Zeolit-Zirkonia Tersulfatasi Masduki; Sutijan; Arief Budiman
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 7, No 2 (2013)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.4953

Krisis energi karena menipisnya cadangan minyak bumi mendorong manusia untuk berinovasi menciptakan sumber energi alternatif. Salah satu sumber energi alternatif yang potensial untuk dikembangkan adalah biodiesel. Produksi biodiesel skala besar terkendala oleh harga bahan baku yang mahal dan cenderung bersaing dengan kebutuhan pangan. Oleh karena itu perlu dicari bahan baku yang lebih murah dan tidak bersaing dengan kebutuhan pangan. Salah satu bahan yang dapat memenuhi kepentingan tersebut adalah Palm Fatty Acid Distilate (PFAD). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kinetika reaksi esterifikasi PFAD menjadi biodiesel dengan katalis zeolit zirkonia tersulfatasi. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) sebagai sumber asam lemak diesterifikasi menjadi biodiesel di dalam labu leher tiga yang dilengkapi dengan pemanas, pengaduk dan sistem refluks. Untuk memperoleh data kinetika, sampel diambil pada interval waktu 10 menit untuk dianalisis konversi asam lemaknya. Model kinetika reaksi esterifikasi PFAD menjadi biodiesel didekati dengan reaksi pseudo-homogen orde satu dan reaksi heterogen katalitik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua model kinetika yang diusulkan cukup sesuai dengan data percobaan. Hasil perhitungan model reaksi pseudo-homogen menghasilkan energi aktivasi sebesar 11,60 kJ/mol dan faktor pre-eksponensial sebesar 5,82.1016 s-1. Sedangkan untuk model reaksi heterogen katalitik diperoleh energi aktivasi sebesar 950,46 kJ/mol dan faktor pre-eksponensial sebesar 4,11 x 1010 dm6.gkat-1.mol-1.s-1. Konversi reaksi maksimum sebesar 75,68% diperoleh pada waktu reaksi 80 menit, suhu reaksi 65°C dengan konsentrasi katalis 3% dan perbandingan mol PFAD:metanol = 1:10. Kata kunci: biodiesel, kinetika, esterifikasi, palm fatty acid distillate, zeolit zirkonia tersulfatasi. Energy crisis due to depletion of crude oil resources has been a motivation for alternative energy search. Biodiesel becomes a potential among other alternative energy sources. However, large scale biodiesel production is hampered by the raw materials which become expensive and tent to compete with the source of food needs. Therefore, a search for an alternative inexpensive raw material is necessary. Palm fatty acid distilate (PFAD) is one of alternative raw materials can be utilized. The present work objective was to investigate reaction kinetics of PFAD esterification for biodiesel with zirconium sulphated zeolite as catalyst. PFAD as a source of fatty acid underwent esterification to produce biodiesel in a three necked flask equiped with heater, stirrer and reflux condensor. In order to study the reaction kinetics, samples were collected consecutively every 10 minutes and the conversion of the fatty acid in each sample was determined. Here, two esterification reaction models were proposed i.e. pseudo-homogeneous first order reaction model and heterogeneous catalytic reaction model. The results showed that calculated conversion for both proposed models were in a good agreement with the experimental data. The pseudo homogeneous reaction model has an activation energy of 11.60 kJ/mole and a pre-exponential factor of 5.821016 s1. Whereas, the heterogeneous reaction model has an activation energy of 950.46 kJ/mole and pre-exponential factor of 4.111010 dm6.g cat1.mol1.s1. The maximum conversion of 75.68% was obtained at 80 minute reaction time, at 65C with the use of 3% catalyst and a PFAD:methanol molar ratio of 1:10. Keywords: biodiesel, kinetics, esterification, palm fatty acid distillate, zirconium sulphated zeolite.

Karakterisasi Larutan Polimer KYPAM HPAM untuk Bahan Injeksi dalam Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Harimurti Wicaksono; Sutijan; Ahmad Tawfiequrrahman Yuliansyah
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 9, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.24524

Polymer injection is one method of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), where the polymer is dissolved in water, usually the formation water. Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer types are most commonly used. This study aims to investigate the effect of KYPAM HPAM polymer concentration and operating conditions upon the water injection in order to determine the optimal injection system. Viscosity of polyacrylamide solution was measured with a Brookfield viscometer. Variation in salinity is carried out by mixing formation water with distilled water, whereas for high salinity of formation water using evaporation method. Shear rate was varied in the range of 145 s-1, while solution temperature was varied in the range of 70  87°C , and the effect of H2S gas in the solution was conducted by saturating the solution using natural gas which has concentration of H2S as 100 ppm. The results show that the effect of salinity solution has the greatest influence on the decrease in viscosity of the solution when compared to the other factors. Decrease in viscosity was due to agglomeration process resulting precipitate of polyacrylamide in the form of vaterite and aragonite morphology. The result also show that an increase in shear rate resulting lower viscosity. The increase in temperature causes the viscosity of the solution decreases. Meanwhile, the presence of H2S in the solution reduces the viscosity of the solution due to chemical degradation. Keywords: EOR, formation water, polymer injection, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, salinity, polymer concentration. Injeksi polimer merupakan salah satu metode dalam Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Dalam hal ini, polimer terlebih dulu dilarutkan dalam air, biasanya air formasi. Poliakrilamida terhidrolisis (HPAM) merupakan salah satu jenis polimer yang paling sering digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi polimer KYPAM HPAM dan kondisi operasi pada injeksi air untuk menentukan sistem injeksi yang optimal. Larutan poliakrilamida diukur viskositasnya dengan viskometer Brookfield. Variasi salinitas dilakukan dengan mencampur air formasi dan aquades, sedangkan untuk salinitas tinggi dari air formasi dengan menggunakan metode penguapan.Variasi shear rate dilakukan pada kisaran 145 s-1, sedangkan suhu larutan divariasikan di kisaran 7087°C. Pengaruh gas H2S dalam larutan dilakukan dengan menjenuhkan larutan menggunakan gas alam yang memiliki konsentrasi H2S 100 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa salinitas memiliki pengaruh terbesar pada penurunan viskositas larutan bila dibandingkan dengan faktor-faktor lain. Penurunan viskositas disebabkan aglomerasi menghasilkan endapan poliakrilamida dalam bentuk vaterite dan morfologi aragonit. Hasil percobaan juga menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan shear rate, mengakibatkan viskositas larutan terukur rendah. Peningkatan suhu menyebabkan viskositas larutan turun, sedangkan kehadiran H2S dalam larutan mengurangi viskositas larutan karena terjadi degradasi kimia pada polimer. Kata kunci: EOR, air formasi, injeksi polimer, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, salinitas, konsentrasi polimer

Karakterisasi Spektroskopi Raman pada Purifikasi Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate dari Baterai Lithium Bekas Sedyatama, Deska Anggrait; Perdana, Indra; Sutijan, Sutijan
Proceedings Series on Physical & Formal Sciences Vol. 6 (2023): Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik (SENATEK) 2023
Publisher : UM Purwokerto Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30595/pspfs.v6i.852

Electrical energy storage batteries are a form of this supporting technology. Lithium batteries are considered the most suitable battery technology for many types of electronic devices today. Waste of used batteries will also increase as LIB production increases. The recycling process is one way to dispose of used batteries because they contain high levels of heavy metals, which pose a significant risk. The most common treatment method for battery recycling is hydrometallurgy. The most important of the various hydrometallurgical steps is the leaching process. The mixed hydroxide precipitate (MHP) will be the product of the precipitation on the NMC metal. Na2SO4 is always an impurity present in MHP products. Therefore, the MHP still needs to be purified to achieve the highest possible purity so that it can be used as a cathode in battery manufacturing. Raman’s spectroscopic was used to analyze the characteristic of MHP purification with variation 30, 50, 70 and 90 oC.

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